Recombinant Proteins
Product List
STX11 Human
Syntaxin-11 Human Recombinant
STX11 is fused to a 24 amino acid His-tag at N-terminus & purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
STX12 Human
Syntaxin-12 Human Recombinant
STX12 is fused to a 24 amino acid His-tag at N-terminus & purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
STX17 Human
Syntaxin-17 Human Recombinant
STX17 is fused to a 23 amino acid His-tag at N-terminus & purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
STX1A (1-265) Human
Syntaxin-1A (1-265 a.a) Human Recombinant
STX1A Human
Syntaxin-1A Human Recombinant
Recombinant Human STX1A contains N-terminal domain (Habc) and t_SNARE domain (H3 domain).
STX2 Human
Syntaxin-2 Human Recombinant
STX2 is fused to a 25 amino acid His-tag at N-terminus & purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
STX3 Human
Syntaxin-3 Human Recombinant
STX3 is fused to a 25 amino acid His-tag at N-terminus & purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
STX4 Human
Syntaxin-4 Human Recombinant
STX4 is fused to a 25 amino acid His-tag at N-terminus & purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
STX6 Human
Syntaxin-6 Human Recombinant
STX6 is fused to a 23 amino acid His-tag at N-terminus & purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
STXBP6 Human
Syntaxin Binding Protein 6 Human Recombinant
STXBP6 is fused to a 23 amino acid His-tag at N-terminus & purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Introduction
Syntaxins are a family of membrane-integrated Q-SNARE proteins that play a crucial role in the process of exocytosis . They are involved in the fusion of vesicles with target membranes, a fundamental process in cellular transport mechanisms. Syntaxins possess a single C-terminal transmembrane domain, a SNARE domain (known as H3), and an N-terminal regulatory domain (Habc) . There are multiple members of the syntaxin family, including Syntaxin 1A, 1B, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 16, 17, 18, and 19 .
Key Biological Properties: Syntaxins are characterized by their ability to mediate vesicle fusion through the formation of SNARE complexes . They have a conserved structure that includes coiled-coil domains and a transmembrane domain .
Expression Patterns and Tissue Distribution: Syntaxins are expressed in various tissues, with specific isoforms being predominant in certain cell types. For example, Syntaxin 1A is primarily found in neural tissues and is involved in synaptic vesicle docking . Other isoforms, such as Syntaxin 17, are involved in processes like mitochondrial division and autophagosome formation .
Primary Biological Functions: Syntaxins are essential for the docking and fusion of vesicles with target membranes, facilitating the release of neurotransmitters and other cellular contents . They are also involved in various intracellular transport processes along the exocytic and endocytic pathways .
Role in Immune Responses and Pathogen Recognition: Syntaxins play a role in immune responses by mediating the exocytosis of granules from immune cells. This process is crucial for the release of cytotoxic substances that target pathogens .
Mechanisms with Other Molecules and Cells: Syntaxins interact with other SNARE proteins, such as synaptobrevin and SNAP-25, to form the core SNARE complex . This complex drives the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane. Syntaxins also bind to synaptotagmin in a calcium-dependent manner, which regulates the fusion process .
Binding Partners and Downstream Signaling Cascades: Syntaxins bind to various proteins, including Munc-18, which regulates their conformation and activity . The formation of the SNARE complex triggers downstream signaling cascades that lead to vesicle fusion and content release .
Regulatory Mechanisms Controlling Expression and Activity: The expression and activity of syntaxins are regulated by multiple factors, including transcriptional regulation and post-translational modifications . For instance, the transcription of Syntaxin 1A is regulated by protein kinase A (PKA) signaling, which involves the phosphorylation of histone deacetylase (HDAC) and subsequent histone acetylation .
Transcriptional Regulation and Post-Translational Modifications: Syntaxins undergo various post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation, which can affect their activity and interactions with other proteins .
Biomedical Research: Syntaxins are studied extensively in the context of neurobiology and cellular transport mechanisms. They serve as models for understanding vesicle fusion and neurotransmitter release .
Diagnostic Tools and Therapeutic Strategies: Syntaxins have potential applications in diagnostic tools for neurological disorders and as targets for therapeutic interventions. For example, botulinum neurotoxin targets Syntaxin 1A to inhibit neurotransmitter release, which is used therapeutically to treat conditions like muscle spasticity .
Role Throughout the Life Cycle: Syntaxins play a role in various stages of the life cycle, from development to aging. During development, they are involved in the formation and maturation of synapses . In aging and disease, alterations in syntaxin function can contribute to neurodegenerative disorders and other age-related conditions .
From Development to Aging and Disease: Syntaxins are crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis and proper functioning of the nervous system throughout life. Dysregulation of syntaxin activity can lead to various diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders and immune system dysfunctions .
