Recombinant Proteins
Product List
HMGA1 Human
High Mobility Group AT-Hook 1 Human Recombinant
HMGA1 is fused to an 8 amino acid His-tag at C-terminus & purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
HMGA2 Human
High Mobility Group AT-Hook 2 Human Recombinant
HMGB1 Human
High-Mobility Group Box 1 Human Recombinant
The HMGB-1 is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
HMGB1 Human, Sf9
High-Mobility Group Box 1 Human Recombinant, Sf9
HMG1 Human Recombinant fused to an 8 aa His-Tag at C-terminus produced in baculovirus insect cells is a single, glycosylated, polypeptide chain (amino acids 1-215) containing 223 amino acids and having a molecular mass of 25kDa. The HMGB1 is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Sf9 Insect Cells.
HMGB2 Human
High-Mobility Group Box 2 Human Recombinant
The HMGB2 is fused to a 23 amino acid His-Tag at N-terminus and purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
HMGB3 Human
High-Mobility Group Box 3 Human Recombinant
HMGN1 Human
High-Mobility Group Nucleosome Binding Domain 1 Human Recombinant
HMGN3 Human
High Mobility Group Nucleosomal Binding Domain 3 Human Recombinant
Introduction
High-Mobility Group (HMG) proteins are a family of non-histone chromosomal proteins that play a crucial role in the regulation of DNA-dependent processes such as transcription, replication, recombination, and DNA repair. They are characterized by their ability to bind to the minor groove of DNA and induce structural changes. HMG proteins are classified into three main subfamilies based on their functional domains:
- HMGA (High-Mobility Group A): Contains AT-hook motifs that bind to the minor groove of AT-rich DNA sequences.
- HMGB (High-Mobility Group B): Contains HMG-box domains that facilitate DNA bending and looping.
- HMGN (High-Mobility Group N): Contains nucleosome-binding domains that interact with nucleosomes and modulate chromatin structure.
Key Biological Properties: HMG proteins are highly conserved across species and are known for their dynamic interaction with chromatin. They are involved in the regulation of gene expression by altering chromatin structure and facilitating the binding of transcription factors.
Expression Patterns: HMG proteins are ubiquitously expressed in various tissues, with some subtypes showing tissue-specific expression patterns. For example, HMGA proteins are highly expressed in embryonic tissues and rapidly dividing cells.
Tissue Distribution: HMG proteins are found in the nucleus of almost all eukaryotic cells. Their distribution within the nucleus can vary depending on the cell type and the physiological state of the cell.
Primary Biological Functions: HMG proteins play a pivotal role in the regulation of gene expression by modulating chromatin structure and facilitating the access of transcription factors to DNA. They are also involved in DNA repair, replication, and recombination.
Role in Immune Responses: HMG proteins, particularly HMGB1, act as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that are released by stressed or damaged cells. They play a crucial role in the activation of the immune system and the recognition of pathogens.
Pathogen Recognition: HMGB1 can bind to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and enhance the recognition of pathogens by the immune system. This interaction is essential for the initiation of immune responses against infections.
Mechanisms with Other Molecules and Cells: HMG proteins interact with a variety of molecules, including DNA, histones, transcription factors, and other chromatin-associated proteins. These interactions are essential for their role in chromatin remodeling and gene regulation.
Binding Partners: HMG proteins have multiple binding partners, including transcription factors such as p53, NF-κB, and steroid hormone receptors. These interactions facilitate the recruitment of transcriptional machinery to specific gene promoters.
Downstream Signaling Cascades: HMG proteins can influence downstream signaling pathways by modulating the expression of target genes. For example, HMGB1 can activate the NF-κB signaling pathway, leading to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
Regulatory Mechanisms that Control Expression and Activity: The expression and activity of HMG proteins are tightly regulated at multiple levels, including transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational modifications.
Transcriptional Regulation: The transcription of HMG genes is regulated by various transcription factors and signaling pathways. For example, the expression of HMGA1 is regulated by the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
Post-Translational Modifications: HMG proteins undergo various post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation, acetylation, and methylation. These modifications can influence their DNA-binding affinity, subcellular localization, and interaction with other proteins.
Biomedical Research: HMG proteins are widely studied in biomedical research due to their role in gene regulation and chromatin dynamics. They are used as markers for studying chromatin structure and function.
Diagnostic Tools: HMG proteins, particularly HMGA and HMGB, are used as diagnostic markers for various cancers. Their expression levels are often correlated with tumor progression and prognosis.
Therapeutic Strategies: Targeting HMG proteins has therapeutic potential in various diseases, including cancer, inflammation, and autoimmune disorders. Inhibitors of HMGB1, for example, are being developed as potential treatments for sepsis and inflammatory diseases.
Role Throughout the Life Cycle: HMG proteins play essential roles throughout the life cycle, from development to aging and disease. During development, they regulate the expression of genes involved in cell differentiation and proliferation.
Development: HMG proteins are critical for embryonic development and the regulation of genes involved in cell fate determination. HMGA proteins, for example, are essential for the development of the nervous system and other tissues.
Aging and Disease: The expression and function of HMG proteins can change with aging, leading to alterations in chromatin structure and gene expression. Dysregulation of HMG proteins is associated with various age-related diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and cardiovascular diseases.
