Recombinant Proteins
Product List
HOMER1 Human
Homer Homolog-1 Human Recombinant
HOMER2 Human
Homer Homolog-2 Human Recombinant
HOMER2 is fused to a 25 amino acid His-tag at N-terminus & purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
HOMER3 Human
Homer Homolog-3 Human Recombinant
HOMER3 is fused to a 24 amino acid His-tag at N-terminus & purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Introduction
Homer homologs are a family of adaptor proteins predominantly localized at the postsynaptic density in mammalian neurons. They are classified into three main types: Homer1, Homer2, and Homer3 . Each type has several isoforms resulting from alternative splicing, primarily categorized into long and short forms .
Key Biological Properties: Homer proteins are crucial for maintaining synaptic plasticity and homeostasis. They contribute to the integrity and proper function of synapses by regulating their size and cleaning them .
Expression Patterns: Homer proteins are expressed in various tissues, including the brain, heart, kidney, muscle, ovary, and testicles .
Tissue Distribution: They are predominantly found at the postsynaptic density in neurons but are also present in other tissues, indicating their diverse physiological roles .
Primary Biological Functions: Homer proteins play a significant role in synaptic plasticity, memory formation, anxiety, fear, addiction, and social activity . They are also involved in the regulation of calcium signaling and neurotransmitter release .
Role in Immune Responses and Pathogen Recognition: While primarily known for their role in the nervous system, Homer proteins also contribute to immune responses by modulating signaling pathways involved in pathogen recognition .
Mechanisms with Other Molecules and Cells: Homer proteins interact with various postsynaptic density proteins through their EVH1 domain and coiled-coil domain . They form protein clusters that facilitate signal transduction and cross-talk between target proteins .
Binding Partners and Downstream Signaling Cascades: Homer proteins bind to group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) and other signaling molecules, modulating downstream signaling cascades involved in synaptic transmission and plasticity .
Regulatory Mechanisms: The expression and activity of Homer proteins are regulated by neuronal activity and immediate-early genes (IEGs) such as Fos and Jun . Post-translational modifications, including phosphorylation, also play a role in modulating their function .
Transcriptional Regulation: Neuronal activation induces the rapid transcription of Homer1a, an immediate-early gene product that disrupts Homer clusters by competitive binding to target proteins .
Post-Translational Modifications: Phosphorylation and other modifications regulate the activity and interactions of Homer proteins, influencing their role in synaptic plasticity and signaling .
Biomedical Research: Homer proteins are used as markers for studying synaptic plasticity and neurological disorders . They are also involved in research on addiction, anxiety, and cognitive function .
Diagnostic Tools: Antibodies targeting Homer proteins are used in various scientific applications, including Western Blot, Immunohistochemistry, and ELISA, to study their expression and function .
Therapeutic Strategies: Modulating Homer protein activity has potential therapeutic applications in treating neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and autism .
Development to Aging and Disease: Homer proteins play a crucial role throughout the life cycle, from development to aging. They are involved in synaptic development, memory formation, and cognitive function . Dysregulation of Homer proteins is associated with various neurological disorders, highlighting their importance in maintaining brain health .
