Recombinant Proteins
Product List
TLR3 Human
Toll Like Receptor 3 Human Recombinant
TLR3 produced in Sf9 Baculovirus cells is a single, glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 690 amino acids (23-704 a.a.) and having a molecular mass of 78.5kDa. (Molecular size on SDS-PAGE will appear at approximately 70-100kDa).
TLR3 is expressed with an 8 amino acid His tag at C-Terminus and purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Sf9, Baculovirus cells.
Introduction
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins that play a crucial role in the innate immune system. They are single, membrane-spanning, non-catalytic receptors usually expressed on sentinel cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells. TLRs recognize structurally conserved molecules derived from microbes. Once these microbes breach physical barriers such as the skin or intestinal tract mucosa, they are recognized by TLRs, which activate immune cell responses.
TLRs are classified based on their location and the type of ligands they recognize:
- Cell Surface TLRs: These include TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6, and TLR10. They primarily recognize bacterial cell wall components.
- Intracellular TLRs: These include TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9. They recognize nucleic acids from viruses and bacteria.
Key Biological Properties: TLRs are characterized by their ability to recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). They have a leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain that is responsible for ligand recognition and a Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain that is involved in signal transduction.
Expression Patterns: TLRs are expressed in various cell types, including immune cells (macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells, T cells), epithelial cells, and endothelial cells.
Tissue Distribution: TLRs are distributed in tissues that are frequently exposed to pathogens, such as the skin, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and reproductive tract.
Primary Biological Functions: TLRs are essential for the activation of innate immune responses. They recognize PAMPs and DAMPs, leading to the production of cytokines and other inflammatory mediators.
Role in Immune Responses: TLRs play a pivotal role in the early detection of pathogens and the activation of adaptive immune responses. They help in the maturation of dendritic cells and the activation of T cells and B cells.
Pathogen Recognition: TLRs recognize a wide range of microbial components, including lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from Gram-negative bacteria, lipoteichoic acids from Gram-positive bacteria, flagellin from bacterial flagella, and viral RNA and DNA.
Mechanisms with Other Molecules and Cells: TLRs interact with various adaptor proteins, such as MyD88, TRIF, TIRAP, and TRAM, to initiate downstream signaling pathways.
Binding Partners: TLRs form homodimers or heterodimers to recognize their specific ligands. For example, TLR2 forms heterodimers with TLR1 or TLR6 to recognize bacterial lipoproteins.
Downstream Signaling Cascades: Upon ligand binding, TLRs activate signaling pathways that lead to the activation of transcription factors such as NF-κB, AP-1, and IRFs. This results in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, type I interferons, and other mediators of the immune response.
Regulatory Mechanisms that Control Expression and Activity: TLR expression and activity are tightly regulated at multiple levels, including transcriptional regulation, post-transcriptional modifications, and post-translational modifications.
Transcriptional Regulation: TLR gene expression is regulated by various transcription factors, including NF-κB, IRFs, and STATs.
Post-Translational Modifications: TLRs undergo various post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and glycosylation, which modulate their activity and stability.
Biomedical Research: TLRs are extensively studied in the context of infectious diseases, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. They are used as targets for developing new therapeutic strategies and diagnostic tools.
Diagnostic Tools: TLRs are used as biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of various diseases. For example, elevated levels of TLR4 are associated with sepsis and other inflammatory conditions.
Therapeutic Strategies: TLR agonists and antagonists are being developed as potential therapies for infectious diseases, cancer, and autoimmune diseases. For example, TLR7 and TLR9 agonists are used as adjuvants in cancer immunotherapy.
Role Throughout the Life Cycle: TLRs play a critical role in the immune system throughout the life cycle, from development to aging and disease.
Development: TLRs are involved in the development of the immune system and the establishment of immune tolerance.
Aging: The expression and function of TLRs change with age, which can affect the immune response in elderly individuals.
Disease: Dysregulation of TLR signaling is associated with various diseases, including infectious diseases, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. TLRs are also implicated in chronic inflammatory conditions and age-related diseases.
