Recombinant Proteins
Product List
PLSCR1 Human
Phospholipid Scramblase 1 Protein Human Recombinant
PLSCR3 Human
Phospholipid Scramblase 3 Human Recombinant
Introduction
Phospholipid scramblases (PLSCRs) are a family of proteins responsible for the translocation of phospholipids between the two monolayers of a lipid bilayer in cell membranes . In humans, there are five homologous proteins in this family, named PLSCR1 to PLSCR5 . These proteins are distinct from other lipid transporters such as flippases and floppases, which have different mechanisms and functions .
Key Biological Properties: PLSCRs are integral membrane proteins that play a crucial role in maintaining the asymmetry of the plasma membrane . They are activated by increased intracellular calcium levels .
Expression Patterns and Tissue Distribution: PLSCR1, PLSCR3, and PLSCR4 are expressed in a variety of tissues, while PLSCR2 is restricted to the testis . PLSCR4 is not expressed in peripheral blood lymphocytes, and PLSCR1 and PLSCR3 are not detected in the brain .
Primary Biological Functions: PLSCRs are involved in the redistribution of phospholipids across the plasma membrane, which is essential for processes such as apoptosis and blood coagulation . They also play a role in the immune response by exposing phosphatidylserine on the cell surface, which acts as a signal for phagocytes to engulf apoptotic cells .
Role in Immune Responses and Pathogen Recognition: PLSCR1 has been shown to interact with viral proteins, thereby regulating viral uptake and spread . This interaction highlights its role in pathogen recognition and immune responses.
Mechanisms with Other Molecules and Cells: PLSCRs interact with various cellular components to modulate different cellular processes. For example, PLSCR1 is involved in the trafficking of molecules within intracellular vesicles such as endosomes and phagosomes .
Binding Partners and Downstream Signaling Cascades: PLSCR1 interacts with multiple molecular interactors, including endogenous proteins and exogenous viral proteins . These interactions often lead to the activation of downstream signaling cascades that regulate cellular processes such as apoptosis and coagulation .
Regulatory Mechanisms Controlling Expression and Activity: The expression and activity of PLSCRs are regulated by various mechanisms, including transcriptional regulation and post-translational modifications . For instance, PLSCR1 is regulated by calcium levels, which influence its activity in phospholipid translocation .
Transcriptional Regulation and Post-Translational Modifications: PLSCR1 undergoes phosphorylation, which affects its function and interaction with other proteins . Additionally, its expression is regulated by transcription factors that respond to cellular signals such as calcium influx .
Biomedical Research: PLSCRs are studied for their role in various diseases, including cancer and viral infections . Understanding their function and regulation can provide insights into disease mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets.
Diagnostic Tools and Therapeutic Strategies: PLSCRs, particularly PLSCR1, are being explored as biomarkers for certain diseases . Therapeutic strategies targeting PLSCRs are also being developed to modulate their activity in disease contexts .
Role Throughout the Life Cycle: PLSCRs play a role in various stages of the life cycle, from development to aging and disease . During development, they are involved in processes such as cell differentiation and apoptosis . In aging and disease, their dysregulation can contribute to conditions such as cancer and neurodegenerative diseases .
From Development to Aging and Disease: The activity of PLSCRs is crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis throughout the life cycle . Their role in apoptosis and immune responses is particularly important in aging, where the clearance of apoptotic cells becomes critical .
