Recombinant Proteins
Product List
PPP1R11 Human
Protein Phosphatase 1, Regulatory Subunit 11 Human Recombinant
PPP1R3B Human
Protein Phosphatase 1, Regulatory Subunit 3B Human Recombinant
PPP1R3B is fused to a 23 amino acid His-tag at N-terminus & purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Introduction
Protein phosphatases are enzymes that catalyze the removal of phosphate groups from phosphorylated amino acid residues in proteins. This process, known as dephosphorylation, is crucial for regulating various cellular functions. Protein phosphatases are classified into three main families based on their sequence, structure, and catalytic function:
Protein phosphatases exhibit diverse biological properties, including their expression patterns and tissue distribution. They are ubiquitously expressed in various tissues and play essential roles in cellular processes. For instance, PP1 is abundant in the liver, muscle, and brain, while PP2A is predominantly found in the cytoplasm . These enzymes are involved in regulating metabolism, gene transcription, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis .
Protein phosphatases are pivotal in numerous biological functions. They regulate immune responses and pathogen recognition by modulating signaling pathways. For example, they dephosphorylate key proteins involved in immune cell activation and cytokine production . Additionally, they play a role in maintaining cellular homeostasis by controlling the phosphorylation state of various proteins .
The mechanisms of action of protein phosphatases involve interactions with other molecules and cells. They bind to specific substrates and dephosphorylate them, thereby modulating downstream signaling cascades. For instance, cysteine-dependent phosphatases (CDPs) catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoester bonds via a phospho-cysteine intermediate . Metallo-phosphatases, such as PP2C, coordinate catalytically essential metal ions within their active sites .
The expression and activity of protein phosphatases are tightly regulated through various mechanisms. Transcriptional regulation controls the gene expression of these enzymes, while post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation and ubiquitination, modulate their activity . Additionally, protein phosphatases can be targeted to specific subcellular compartments by scaffolding proteins, which restrict their action to particular substrates .
Protein phosphatases have significant applications in biomedical research, diagnostic tools, and therapeutic strategies. They are used to study cellular signaling pathways and identify potential drug targets. In diagnostics, phosphatase activity assays are employed to detect abnormalities in signaling pathways associated with diseases . Therapeutically, inhibitors of specific phosphatases are being developed to treat conditions such as cancer and autoimmune disorders .
Throughout the life cycle, protein phosphatases play crucial roles in development, aging, and disease. During development, they regulate cell differentiation and proliferation. In aging, they are involved in processes such as cellular senescence and apoptosis . Dysregulation of phosphatase activity is linked to various diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders and cancer .
