Recombinant Proteins
Product List
KIR2DL4 Human
Killer Cell Immunoglobulin-Like Receptor, 2 Domains Long Cytoplasmic Tail 4 Human Recombinant
KIR2DL4 Human Recombinant produced in Sf9 Insect cells is a single, glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 458 amino acids (24-242 a.a.) and having a molecular mass of 51kDa (Molecular size on SDS-PAGE will appear at approximately 50-70kDa). KIR2DL4 is expressed with a 239 amino acids hIgG-His tag at C-Terminus and purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
KIR3DL2 Human
Killer Cell Immunoglobulin-Like Receptor, 3 Domains Long Cytoplasmic Tail 2 Human Recombinant, Sf9
KIR3DL2 Human Recombinant produced in Sf9 Baculovirus cells is a single, glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 561 amino acids (22-340a.a.) and having a molecular mass of 62.2kDa (Molecular size on SDS-PAGE will appear at approximately 70-100kDa).
KIR3DL2 is expressed with a 239 amino acids hIgG-His tag at C-Terminus and purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
KIR2DL1 Human
Killer Cell Immunoglobulin-Like Receptor, 2 Domains Long Cytoplasmic Tail 1 Human Recombinant
The KIR2DL1 is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
KIR2DL3 Human
Killer Cell Immunoglobulin-Like Receptor, 2 Domains Long Cytoplasmic Tail 3 Human Recombinant
The KIR2DL3 is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
KIR2DL5A Human
Killer Cell Immunoglobulin-Like Receptor, 2 Domains Long Cytoplasmic Tail 5A Human Recombinant
KIR2DL5A Human Recombinant produced in Sf9 Baculovirus cells is a single, glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 459 amino acids (22-238a.a.) and having a molecular mass of 50.5kDa (Molecular size on SDS-PAGE will appear at approximately 50-70kDa). KIR2DL5A is expressed with a 239 amino acids hIgG-His tag at C-Terminus and purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Sf9, Baculovirus cells.
KIR2DS4 Human
Killer Cell Immunoglobulin-Like Receptor, 2 Domains Short Cytoplasmic Tail, 4 Recombinant Human
The KIR2DS4 is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
KIR3DL1 Human
Killer Cell Immunoglobulin-Like Receptor, 3 Domains Long Cytoplasmic Tail 1 Human Recombinant
The KIR3DL1 is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
KLRK1 Human
Killer Cell lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily K, Member 1 Human Recombinant
Introduction
Killer cells, commonly known as Natural Killer (NK) cells, are a type of lymphocyte that plays a crucial role in the innate immune system. Unlike T and B cells, which are part of the adaptive immune system, NK cells are classified as group I Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILCs) . They are named for their ability to kill virally infected cells and detect early signs of cancer without prior sensitization .
Key Biological Properties: NK cells are cytotoxic lymphocytes that can destroy target cells by releasing cytotoxic granules containing perforins and granzymes . They are characterized by the expression of surface markers such as CD56 and the absence of CD3 .
Expression Patterns: NK cells express a variety of activating and inhibitory receptors that help them distinguish between healthy cells and abnormal cells . These receptors include killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) and natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs) .
Tissue Distribution: NK cells are widely distributed throughout the body, including the bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, liver, lungs, and peripheral blood . They are also found in non-lymphoid tissues such as the skin and gut .
Primary Biological Functions: The primary function of NK cells is to mediate cytotoxicity against virally infected cells and tumor cells . They also play a role in the clearance of bacterial infections .
Role in Immune Responses: NK cells are essential for the early defense against infections and tumors. They can recognize and kill cells that lack major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules, which are often downregulated in infected or transformed cells .
Pathogen Recognition: NK cells use pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to identify pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) on infected cells . This allows them to respond quickly to a wide variety of pathological challenges .
Mechanisms with Other Molecules and Cells: NK cells interact with other immune cells through the secretion of cytokines such as interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) . These cytokines enhance the immune response by activating macrophages and dendritic cells .
Binding Partners: NK cells have activating receptors that recognize stress-induced ligands on target cells and inhibitory receptors that recognize MHC class I molecules . The balance between these signals determines whether the NK cell will initiate a cytotoxic response .
Downstream Signaling Cascades: Upon activation, NK cells release cytotoxic granules that contain perforins and granzymes, leading to the lysis of the target cell . They also produce cytokines that modulate the activity of other immune cells .
Regulatory Mechanisms: The activity of NK cells is tightly regulated by a balance of activating and inhibitory signals . This balance ensures that NK cells do not attack healthy cells while effectively targeting abnormal cells .
Transcriptional Regulation: NK cell development and function are regulated by various transcription factors, including T-bet and Eomes . These factors control the expression of genes involved in NK cell cytotoxicity and cytokine production .
Post-Translational Modifications: NK cell activity can be modulated by post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation and ubiquitination . These modifications affect the stability and function of key signaling proteins .
Biomedical Research: NK cells are used in research to understand immune responses and develop new immunotherapies . They are particularly valuable in studying cancer and viral infections .
Diagnostic Tools: NK cell activity can be measured to assess immune function in patients with immune deficiencies or autoimmune diseases . This information can help diagnose and monitor these conditions .
Therapeutic Strategies: NK cells are being explored as a therapeutic option for cancer treatment . Strategies include the use of NK cell-based immunotherapies, such as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-NK cells and NK cell-derived exosomes .
Development: NK cells develop from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow . Their development is influenced by cytokines such as interleukin-15 (IL-15) .
Aging: The function of NK cells can decline with age, leading to reduced immune surveillance and increased susceptibility to infections and cancer .
Disease: NK cells play a critical role in controlling infections and preventing tumor growth . Dysregulation of NK cell activity can contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases and cancer .
