Recombinant Proteins
Product List
CALM2 Human
Calmodulin-2 Human Recombinant
CALM2 is purified by conventional chromatography techniques.
CALM2 Human 135 a.a
Calmodulin-2 135 a.a. Human Recombinant
CALM2 Human Recombinant full length protein expressed in E.coli, containing 135 amino acids and having a Molecular Weight of approximately 16 kDa.
CALML3 Human
Calmodulin Like 3 Human Recombinant
CALML3 is fused to a 24 amino acid His-tag at N-terminus & purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
CALML5 Human
Calmodulin Like 5 Human Recombinant
CALML5 Human Recombinant produced in E.Coli is a single, non-glycosylated, polypeptide chain (a.a 2-146) containing 155 amino acids including a 10 a.a N-terminal His tag. The total molecular mass is 17.0kDa (calculated).
Introduction
Calmodulin, also known as calcium-modulated protein, is a highly conserved, multifunctional calcium-binding messenger protein found in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells . It belongs to a family of proteins that includes troponin C, another essential calcium-binding protein involved in muscle contraction . Calmodulin is encoded by multiple genes in humans: CALM1, CALM2, and CALM3, located on chromosomes 14, 2, and 19, respectively .
Calmodulin is a small protein composed of 148 amino acid residues and has a molecular weight of approximately 16.7 kDa . It consists of two globular domains connected by a flexible central linker, with each domain containing a pair of EF-hand motifs that bind calcium ions . Calmodulin can bind up to four calcium ions, which induces a conformational change that allows it to interact with various target proteins .
Expression Patterns and Tissue Distribution: Calmodulin is ubiquitously expressed in all eukaryotic cells and is highly conserved across species . It is abundant in the cytoplasm and plays a critical role in numerous cellular processes .
Calmodulin mediates a wide range of calcium-dependent cellular processes, including inflammation, metabolism, apoptosis, smooth muscle contraction, intracellular movement, short-term and long-term memory, and the immune response . It acts as an intermediary protein that senses calcium levels and relays signals to various calcium-sensitive enzymes, ion channels, and other proteins .
Role in Immune Responses and Pathogen Recognition: Calmodulin is involved in the regulation of immune responses by modulating the activity of various immune cells and signaling pathways . It plays a role in pathogen recognition by interacting with proteins involved in the immune response .
Calmodulin functions by binding to calcium ions, forming a Ca2+/calmodulin complex that interacts with target proteins . This interaction can activate or inhibit the target proteins, leading to downstream signaling cascades . Calmodulin can bind to a wide variety of proteins, including kinases, phosphatases, and ion channels, due to its structural flexibility and the predominantly hydrophobic nature of its binding sites .
Binding Partners and Downstream Signaling Cascades: Calmodulin interacts with over 300 target proteins, including Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CAMKs), myosin light chain kinase, and other enzymes involved in cellular processes . These interactions regulate various signaling pathways and cellular functions .
The expression and activity of calmodulin are regulated by multiple mechanisms, including transcriptional regulation and post-translational modifications .
Transcriptional Regulation: The genes encoding calmodulin (CALM1, CALM2, and CALM3) are regulated by various transcription factors that respond to cellular signals .
Post-Translational Modifications: Calmodulin can undergo several post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation, acetylation, methylation, and proteolytic cleavage, which modulate its activity and interactions with target proteins .
Calmodulin plays a critical role in numerous physiological processes, making it a valuable target for biomedical research .
Diagnostic Tools and Therapeutic Strategies: Calmodulin antagonists are used in research to study calcium signaling pathways and their role in diseases . These antagonists have potential therapeutic applications in conditions such as hypertension, congestive heart failure, arrhythmia, and gastrointestinal disorders .
Protein Purification: Calmodulin is used in affinity purification techniques to isolate calmodulin-binding proteins, facilitating the study of protein-protein interactions and cellular signaling pathways .
Calmodulin is essential throughout the life cycle, from development to aging and disease .
Development: During development, calmodulin mediates processes such as cell cycle progression, cytoskeletal assembly, and cell motility .
Aging and Disease: Calmodulin continues to play a critical role in maintaining cellular functions and responding to physiological changes throughout life . Dysregulation of calmodulin activity is associated with various diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer .
