Recombinant Proteins
Product List
B2M Human
Beta-2 Microglobulin Human
Human Beta-2 Microglobulin produced in Human urine from patients with tubular proteinuria having a molecular mass of 12KDa.
B2M Human Recombinant
Beta 2 Microglobulin Human Recombinant
The B2M is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
B2M Human, His
Beta 2 Microglobulin Human Recombinant, His Tag
B2M Recombinant Human produced in E.Coli is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 120 amino acids (21-119 a.a.) and having a molecular mass of 14 kDa. The B2M is fused to a 21 amino acid His-Tag at N-terminus and purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Introduction
Beta-2 microglobulin (B2M) is a low molecular weight protein (11.8 kDa) that forms the light chain of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules . It is present on the surface of nearly all nucleated cells and plays a crucial role in the immune system by presenting peptide antigens to cytotoxic T cells .
Key Biological Properties: B2M is a component of MHC class I molecules, which are essential for immune surveillance . It is synthesized and shed by cells into the blood, particularly by B-lymphocytes and tumor cells .
Expression Patterns: B2M is expressed on the surface of all nucleated cells, excluding red blood cells . It is also found in various bodily fluids, including serum, urine, and synovial fluid .
Tissue Distribution: B2M is ubiquitously distributed across different tissues, with higher concentrations in lymphoid tissues due to its association with immune cells .
Primary Biological Functions: B2M is critical for the stability and function of MHC class I molecules, which present endogenous peptides to CD8+ T cells, facilitating immune responses . It also plays a role in the regulation of iron metabolism by interacting with the HFE protein .
Role in Immune Responses: B2M is involved in antigen presentation, a process essential for the recognition and elimination of infected or malignant cells by the immune system .
Pathogen Recognition: B2M contributes to the immune system’s ability to recognize and respond to pathogens by stabilizing MHC class I molecules, which display pathogen-derived peptides on the cell surface .
Mechanisms with Other Molecules and Cells: B2M interacts with the alpha chain of MHC class I molecules, forming a stable complex that is essential for antigen presentation . It also associates with other class I-like molecules such as CD1 and the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) .
Binding Partners: B2M binds to the alpha chain of MHC class I molecules and other class I-like molecules, stabilizing their structure and function .
Downstream Signaling Cascades: The interaction of B2M with MHC class I molecules triggers downstream signaling pathways that activate cytotoxic T cells, leading to the destruction of infected or malignant cells .
Transcriptional Regulation: The expression of B2M is regulated at the transcriptional level by various cytokines, including interferon-alpha (IFN-α), which enhances its production .
Post-Translational Modifications: B2M undergoes post-translational modifications, including glycosylation, which can affect its stability and function .
Biomedical Research: B2M is used as a biomarker in research studies to understand its role in various diseases, including cancer and autoimmune disorders .
Diagnostic Tools: Elevated levels of B2M in serum or urine can serve as a diagnostic marker for certain cancers, such as multiple myeloma and lymphomas, as well as renal dysfunction .
Therapeutic Strategies: Targeting B2M or its signaling pathways has potential therapeutic applications in treating diseases where B2M is dysregulated, such as cancer and autoimmune diseases .
Development: B2M is essential for the development of the immune system, particularly for the maturation of CD8+ T cells .
Aging: The levels of B2M can increase with age, and its accumulation has been associated with age-related diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease .
Disease: Dysregulation of B2M is implicated in various diseases, including cancers, autoimmune disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases . It can also form amyloid deposits in patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis, leading to dialysis-related amyloidosis .
