Recombinant Proteins
Product List
AGR2 Human
Anterior Gradient Protein 2 Homolog Human Recombinant
AGR2 Human Recombinant produced in E.Coli is a single, non-glycosylated, polypeptide chain containing 191 amino acids (21-175 a.a.) and having a molecular mass of 21.9 kDa. AGR2 protein is fused to a 36 amino acid His-Tag at N-terminus and purified by standard chromatography.
AGR2 Mouse
Anterior Gradient Protein 2 Homolog Mouse Recombinant
AGR2 is fused to a 25 amino acid His-tag at N-terminus& purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
AGR3 Human
Anterior Gradient Protein 3 Homolog Human Recombinant
AGR3 produced in E.Coli is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 169 amino acids (22-166 a.a) and having a molecular mass of 19.5kDa.
AGR3 is fused to a 20 amino acid His-tag at N-terminus & purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Introduction
Anterior Gradient Proteins (AGR) are a family of proteins that belong to the protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family. This family includes AGR1, AGR2, and AGR3, which are involved in the biogenesis of secretory and transmembrane proteins within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) . AGR proteins are generally expressed in epithelial cells and play crucial roles in various biological processes .
Key Biological Properties: AGR proteins, particularly AGR2, are involved in protein folding, maturation, and secretion within the ER . They exhibit various subcellular localizations and are known for their pro-oncogenic functions .
Expression Patterns and Tissue Distribution: AGR proteins are predominantly expressed in epithelial cells, with high levels in most of the digestive tract epithelia . AGR2, for instance, is highly expressed in the gastrointestinal tract and has been associated with poor prognosis in digestive cancers .
Primary Biological Functions: AGR proteins are essential for maintaining epithelial homeostasis. AGR2, in particular, is involved in the folding and secretion of mucins, which are critical for the protective mucus layer in the gut .
Role in Immune Responses and Pathogen Recognition: AGR2 plays a significant role in reshaping the cellular microenvironment during inflammation and oncogenesis . Its deletion in mice results in severe gut inflammation, highlighting its importance in immune responses .
Mechanisms with Other Molecules and Cells: AGR proteins interact with various molecules within the ER to facilitate protein folding. AGR2, for example, forms mixed disulfide bonds with mucins and other proteins .
Binding Partners and Downstream Signaling Cascades: AGR2 has been shown to interact with multiple EF-hand proteins, proteases, and adhesion molecules . These interactions are crucial for its role in protein biogenesis and cellular homeostasis .
Regulatory Mechanisms Controlling Expression and Activity: The expression and activity of AGR proteins are tightly regulated at both transcriptional and post-translational levels. AGR2, for instance, is regulated by estrogen-mediated activation of estrogen receptors, which directly target AGR2 for active gene transcription .
Transcriptional Regulation and Post-Translational Modifications: AGR2 undergoes various post-translational modifications, including dimerization, which is essential for its function in the ER . These modifications are crucial for its role in maintaining ER homeostasis and responding to ER stress .
Biomedical Research: AGR proteins, particularly AGR2, are valuable in biomedical research due to their roles in cancer progression and inflammation .
Diagnostic Tools: AGR2 is considered a potential biomarker for various cancers, including gastrointestinal, breast, and pancreatic cancers . Its overexpression in these cancers makes it a useful target for diagnostic tools .
Therapeutic Strategies: AGR2 is being explored as a therapeutic target for cancer treatment. Inhibitors of AGR2 are being developed to disrupt its pro-oncogenic functions and improve cancer treatment outcomes .
Role Throughout the Life Cycle: AGR proteins play critical roles throughout the life cycle, from development to aging and disease. AGR2, for instance, is involved in the development of the gastrointestinal tract and the maintenance of epithelial homeostasis . Its dysregulation is associated with various diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease and cancer .
