Recombinant Proteins
Product List
HNRNPA1 Human
Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein A1 Human Recombinant
HNRNPA1 is fused to a 23 amino acid His-tag at N-terminus & purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
HNRNPAB Human
Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein A/B Human Recombinant
HNRNPC Human
Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein C Human Recombinant
HNRNPC is fused to a 20 amino acid His-tag at N-terminus & purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
HNRNPK Human
Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein K Human Recombinant
Introduction
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) are a family of RNA-binding proteins that play crucial roles in the processing of pre-mRNA into mature mRNA within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells . They are involved in various aspects of nucleic acid metabolism, including alternative splicing, mRNA stabilization, and transcriptional and translational regulation . The hnRNP family consists of over 20 members, designated alphabetically from hnRNP A1 to U, each with distinct molecular weights and functional properties .
Key Biological Properties: hnRNPs are essential for the maturation, transport, and stabilization of mRNA . They bind to nascent RNA transcripts and influence their processing and export from the nucleus .
Expression Patterns: hnRNPs are ubiquitously expressed in various cell types, but their expression levels can vary depending on the tissue and developmental stage .
Tissue Distribution: hnRNPs are predominantly localized in the nucleus, although some members can shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm . They are found in various tissues, including the brain, where they play critical roles in neuronal function and plasticity .
Primary Biological Functions: hnRNPs are involved in multiple steps of mRNA metabolism, including alternative splicing, mRNA stabilization, and transport . They also play roles in transcriptional and translational regulation .
Role in Immune Responses and Pathogen Recognition: hnRNPs contribute to the regulation of immune responses by modulating the expression of immune-related genes . They are also involved in the recognition and response to viral infections by regulating the splicing and translation of viral RNAs .
Mechanisms with Other Molecules and Cells: hnRNPs interact with various RNA molecules and other proteins to form ribonucleoprotein complexes . These interactions are crucial for their roles in RNA processing and regulation .
Binding Partners and Downstream Signaling Cascades: hnRNPs bind to specific RNA sequences and interact with other regulatory proteins to influence RNA splicing, stability, and translation . They also participate in signaling cascades that regulate gene expression and cellular responses .
Transcriptional Regulation: The expression of hnRNPs is regulated at the transcriptional level by various transcription factors and promoter elements .
Post-Translational Modifications: hnRNPs undergo several post-translational modifications, including phosphorylation, SUMOylation, ubiquitination, and methylation, which regulate their activity, localization, and interactions with other molecules .
Biomedical Research: hnRNPs are studied extensively in biomedical research due to their roles in RNA metabolism and gene regulation . They are used as models to understand RNA-binding protein functions and their implications in diseases .
Diagnostic Tools: hnRNPs serve as biomarkers for various diseases, including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders . Their expression levels and modifications can provide insights into disease states and progression .
Therapeutic Strategies: Targeting hnRNPs and their interactions with RNA is being explored as a therapeutic strategy for diseases such as cancer and viral infections . RNA-based therapies that modulate hnRNP functions are under investigation .
Development to Aging and Disease: hnRNPs play critical roles throughout the life cycle, from development to aging . During development, they regulate gene expression patterns essential for cell differentiation and tissue formation . In aging and disease, dysregulation of hnRNP functions can lead to various pathologies, including neurodegenerative diseases and cancer .
