Recombinant Proteins
Product List
AP1AR Human
Adaptor-Related Protein Complex 1 Associated Regulatory Protein Human Recombinant
AP1AR is fused to a 20 amino acid His-tag at N-terminus & purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
AP1S2 Human
Adaptor-Related Protein Complex 1, Sigma 2 Human Recombinant
AP1S2 is fused to a 20 amino acid His-tag at N-terminus & purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
AP3S1 Human
Assembly Protein Complex 3 Subunit-1 Human Recombinant
Introduction
Adaptor-related protein complexes (APCs) are essential components of the cellular machinery involved in the trafficking of proteins and lipids within cells. These complexes are part of the larger family of adaptor proteins, which mediate the interaction between cargo proteins and the vesicular transport system. APCs are classified into four main types: AP-1, AP-2, AP-3, and AP-4, each with distinct roles and localization within the cell.
Key Biological Properties: APCs are heterotetrameric complexes composed of four subunits: two large subunits (β and γ/α/δ/ε), one medium subunit (μ), and one small subunit (σ). These subunits work together to recognize and bind specific sorting signals on cargo proteins.
Expression Patterns: The expression of APCs varies across different cell types and tissues. For example, AP-1 is predominantly found in the trans-Golgi network, while AP-2 is localized at the plasma membrane.
Tissue Distribution: APCs are ubiquitously expressed in various tissues, with specific complexes showing higher expression in certain tissues. For instance, AP-3 is highly expressed in neurons and other specialized cells.
Primary Biological Functions: APCs play a crucial role in the sorting and trafficking of proteins and lipids within cells. They are involved in the formation of vesicles that transport cargo between different cellular compartments.
Role in Immune Responses: APCs are essential for the proper functioning of the immune system. They facilitate the transport of immune receptors and other proteins necessary for immune cell signaling and pathogen recognition.
Pathogen Recognition: APCs are involved in the endocytosis and trafficking of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and other molecules that trigger immune responses.
Mechanisms with Other Molecules and Cells: APCs interact with a variety of molecules, including clathrin, cargo proteins, and other adaptor proteins. These interactions are crucial for the formation of vesicles and the sorting of cargo.
Binding Partners: APCs recognize and bind specific sorting signals on cargo proteins, such as tyrosine-based motifs and dileucine motifs. These interactions are mediated by the μ and σ subunits of the complex.
Downstream Signaling Cascades: APCs are involved in downstream signaling pathways that regulate various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, and immune responses.
Regulatory Mechanisms that Control Expression and Activity: The expression and activity of APCs are tightly regulated at multiple levels, including transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms.
Transcriptional Regulation: The expression of APC subunits is regulated by various transcription factors and signaling pathways that respond to cellular and environmental cues.
Post-Translational Modifications: APCs undergo various post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation and ubiquitination, which regulate their activity and interactions with other proteins.
Biomedical Research: APCs are valuable tools in biomedical research for studying vesicular trafficking, protein sorting, and cellular signaling pathways.
Diagnostic Tools: APCs can be used as biomarkers for certain diseases, such as neurodegenerative disorders and immune-related conditions.
Therapeutic Strategies: Targeting APCs and their interactions with cargo proteins holds potential for developing novel therapeutic strategies for various diseases, including cancer and infectious diseases.
Role Throughout the Life Cycle: APCs play a critical role throughout the life cycle, from development to aging and disease. They are involved in the proper functioning of cellular processes essential for growth, differentiation, and maintenance of cellular homeostasis.
Development: During development, APCs are crucial for the proper sorting and trafficking of proteins necessary for cell differentiation and tissue formation.
Aging and Disease: Dysregulation of APC function is associated with various age-related diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders and immune system dysfunctions.
