Recombinant Proteins
Product List
POR Human
P450 Oxidoreductase Human Recombinant
POR Human, Active
P450 Oxidoreductase Human Recombinant, Active
SCO2 Human
SCO Cytochrome Oxidase Deficient Homolog 2 Human Recombinant
SCO2 is fused to a 21 amino acid His-tag at N-terminus & purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
COX5B Human
Cytochrome C Oxidase Subunit Vb Human Recombinant
COX5B is fused to a 23 amino acid His-tag at N-terminus & purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
CYB5A Human
Cytochrome B5 Type A Human Recombinant
CYB5A is fused to a 24 amino acid His-tag at N-terminus & purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
CYB5A Human, Sf9
Cytochrome B5 Type A, Sf9 Human Recombinant
CYB5A produced in Sf9 Baculovirus cells is a single, glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 117 amino acids (1-108a.a.) and having a molecular mass of 13.3kDa. (Molecular size on SDS-PAGE will appear at approximately 18-28kDa).
CYB5A is expressed with a 9 amino acid His tag at C-Terminus and purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Sf9, Baculovirus cells.
CYB5R3 Human
Cytochrome B5 Reductase 3 Human Recombinant
CYB5R3 is fused to a 25 amino acid His-tag at N-terminus & purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
CYP2D6
Cytochrome P450 2D6 Human Recombinant
Cytochrome P450 2D6 Human Recombinant (also called liver/kidney microsomal antigen 1) produced in SF9, is a glycosylated, polypeptide chain having a molecular mass of 60 kDa. The LKM1 is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
CYP2E1 Human
Cytochrome P450 2E1 Human Recombinant
POR (43-677) Human
P450 Oxidoreductase Human Recombinant
POR Human Recombinant produced in Sf9 Insect cells is a single, glycosylated, polypeptide chain (43-677 a.a) containing a total of 642 amino acids, having a molecular mass of 73.0 kDa.
POR is fused to a 6 amino acid His-tag at C-terminus,and is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Introduction
Cytochromes are redox-active proteins containing a heme group with a central iron atom at its core. They play a crucial role in the electron transport chain and redox catalysis. Cytochromes are classified based on the type of heme and its mode of binding. The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUBMB) recognizes four main classes: cytochromes a, b, c, and d .
Cytochromes exhibit key biological properties such as electron transfer and catalysis by reduction or oxidation of their heme iron. They are expressed in various tissues and are found as both globular and membrane proteins. For instance, cytochrome c is involved in electron transfer from complex III to complex IV in oxidative phosphorylation . The tissue distribution of cytochromes varies, with significant presence in mitochondria and other cellular locations depending on their function .
The primary biological function of cytochromes is to facilitate electron transfer during cellular respiration, which is vital for ATP production. Cytochromes also play roles in immune responses and pathogen recognition. For example, cytochrome c is involved in apoptosis, a process crucial for immune regulation and pathogen elimination .
Cytochromes interact with other molecules and cells through their heme group, which can alternate between reduced (Fe²⁺) and oxidized (Fe³⁺) states. This redox activity allows cytochromes to transfer electrons efficiently. Cytochrome c, for instance, transfers electrons between complexes III and IV in the electron transport chain . Binding partners and downstream signaling cascades are essential for their function in cellular respiration and other metabolic processes .
The expression and activity of cytochromes are regulated through various mechanisms, including transcriptional regulation and post-translational modifications. Heavy metals, for example, can induce the expression of cytochrome P450 genes through an aryl hydrocarbon receptor-dependent mechanism . Post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation also play a role in modulating cytochrome activity .
Cytochromes have numerous applications in biomedical research, diagnostic tools, and therapeutic strategies. They are used to study electron transfer processes, develop biosensors, and design drugs targeting cytochrome-related pathways. Cytochrome P450 enzymes, for instance, are crucial in drug metabolism and are targeted in pharmacological research .
Throughout the life cycle, cytochromes play essential roles from development to aging and disease. During development, they are involved in energy production and cellular differentiation. In aging, cytochrome function can decline, leading to reduced cellular respiration efficiency. In diseases such as cancer, cytochrome c-mediated apoptosis is a critical pathway for eliminating damaged cells .
