HMGN1 Human

High-Mobility Group Nucleosome Binding Domain 1 (HMGN1) is a protein encoded by the HMGN1 gene in humans. This protein is part of the high-mobility group (HMG) family, which is known for its role in chromatin structure and function. HMGN1 is particularly notable for its ability to bind nucleosomal DNA and influence chromatin dynamics.

HMGN1 binds to the inner side of nucleosomal DNA, altering the interaction between DNA and the histone octamer . This binding is crucial for maintaining an open chromatin configuration around transcribable genes, thereby facilitating gene expression . HMGN1 also inhibits the phosphorylation of nucleosomal histones H3 and H2A by kinases such as RPS6KA5/MSK1 and RPS6KA3/RSK2 .

HMGN1 plays a significant role in various cellular processes, including:

• Chromatin Remodeling: HMGN1 is involved in chromatin decompaction, which is essential for active transcription .
• Immune Response: HMGN1 acts as an alarmin, a type of endogenous molecule that signals tissue and cell damage. It is critical for lipopolysaccharide-induced immune responses and promotes the recruitment and activation of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as dendritic cells .
• Gene Expression: By maintaining an open chromatin state, HMGN1 ensures that genes remain in a transcribable conformation, thus facilitating efficient gene expression .

Mutations or dysregulation of HMGN1 have been associated with various diseases, including:

• Van Der Woude Syndrome: A genetic disorder characterized by cleft lip and/or cleft palate .
• Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament of the Spine: A condition where the ligament in the spine becomes ossified, leading to spinal stenosis .

Recombinant HMGN1 is used in various research applications to study its role in chromatin dynamics and immune responses. Understanding the function of HMGN1 can provide insights into the mechanisms of gene regulation and the development of therapeutic strategies for related diseases.