Enzymes
Product List
ENO1 Human
Enolase-1 Human Recombinant
ENO1 Mouse
Enolase-1 Mouse Recombinant
ENO1 Mouse Recombinant produced in E.Coli is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 457 amino acids (1-434 a.a) and having a molecular mass of 24kDa.
ENO1 is fused to a 23 amino acid His-tag at N-terminus & purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Escherichia Coli.
Sterile filtered colorless solution.
ENO2 Mouse
Enolase-2 Mouse Recombinant
ENO2 Human
Enolase-2 Human Recombinant
The Enolase-2 is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
ENO2 Human, His
Enolase-2 Human Recombinant, His Tag
The NSE is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
ENO2 Protein
Enolase-2 Human
ENO3 Human
Enolase-3 Human Recombinant
ENO3 is fused to a 20 amino acid His-tag at N-terminus & purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Introduction
Enolase, also known as phosphopyruvate hydratase, is a metalloenzyme (EC 4.2.1.11) that catalyzes the conversion of 2-phosphoglycerate (2-PG) to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), the ninth and penultimate step of glycolysis . Enolase belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the hydro-lyases, which cleave carbon-oxygen bonds . There are three subunits of enolase in humans: α, β, and γ, each encoded by a separate gene that can combine to form five different isoenzymes: αα, αβ, αγ, ββ, and γγ .
Enolase plays a crucial role in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis by catalyzing the conversion of 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate . Beyond its enzymatic role, enolase has several “moonlighting” functions:
- Hypoxia Tolerance: Enolase is involved in promoting anaerobic metabolism to protect cells from death under hypoxic conditions .
- Tumor Suppression: Enolase has been implicated in tumor suppression and is involved in the regulation of tumor growth .
- Immune Responses: Enolase acts as a plasminogen receptor on the cell surface, playing a role in immune responses and pathogen recognition .
Enolase interacts with various molecules and cells through different mechanisms:
- Plasminogen Binding: Enolase binds to plasminogen on the cell surface, facilitating its conversion to plasmin and contributing to tissue remodeling and immune responses .
- DNA Binding: Enolase acts as a DNA-binding protein, participating in the regulation of genes governing cell growth and structural transformation .
- Cytoskeletal Association: Enolase associates with the cytoskeleton, contributing to myogenesis and stress-induced contraction .
The expression and activity of enolase are regulated through various mechanisms:
- Transcriptional Regulation: Enolase expression is regulated by hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) under hypoxic conditions .
- Post-Translational Modifications: Enolase undergoes post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation, which can influence its enzymatic activity and subcellular localization .
Enolase has several applications in biomedical research, diagnostics, and therapeutics:
- Biomarker: Neuron-specific enolase (NSE) is used as a biomarker for neurodegenerative diseases, brain damage, and certain types of cancer .
- Diagnostic Tool: Elevated levels of NSE in body fluids can aid in the diagnosis and prognosis of small cell lung cancer, neuroblastoma, and other neuroendocrine tumors .
- Therapeutic Strategies: Enolase inhibitors are being explored for their potential therapeutic benefits in treating neurodegenerative diseases and cancer .
Enolase plays a vital role throughout the life cycle, from development to aging and disease:
- Development: Enolase is essential for neuronal survival, differentiation, and maturation during neural development .
- Aging: Enolase expression patterns change with aging, and its dysregulation is associated with age-related diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s .
- Disease: Enolase is involved in various pathological processes, including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and viral infections .
