Enzymes
Product List
GZMB Human
Granzyme-B Human Recombinant
GZMB is fused to a 20 amino acid His-tag at N-terminus & purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
GZMB Human, sf9
Granzyme-B, Sf9 Human Recombinant
GZMB produced in Sf9 Baculovirus cells is a single, glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 235 amino acids (19-247a.a.) and having a molecular mass of 26.5kDa. (Molecular size on SDS-PAGE will appear at approximately 28-40kDa). GZMB is expressed with an 6 amino acid His tag at C-Terminus and purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
GZMB Mouse
Granzyme-B Mouse Recombinant
GZMB Mouse produced in Sf9 Baculovirus cells is a single, glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 235 amino acids (19-247 aa) and having a molecular mass of 26.3kDa.
GZMB is fused to a 6 amino acid His-Tag at C-terminus and purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
GZMH Human
Granzyme-H Human Recombinant
GZMH is fused to a 21 amino acid His-tag at N-terminus & purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
GZMH Human, sf9
Granzyme-H Human Recombinant, sf9
GZMK Human
Granzyme-K Human Recombinant
GZMK is fused to a 23 amino acid His-tag at N-terminus & purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
GZMK Human, Sf9
Granzyme-K, Human Recombinant, sf9
GZMK Human Recombinant produced in Sf9 Baculovirus cells is a single, glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 247 amino acids (27-264) and having a molecular mass of 26.9kDa (Molecular size on SDS-PAGE will appear at approximately 28-40kDa). GZMK is fused to a 6 amino acid His-Tag at C-terminus and purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Introduction
Granzymes are a family of serine proteases predominantly found in the cytotoxic granules of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer (NK) cells . These enzymes play a crucial role in the immune response by inducing apoptosis in target cells that are infected or cancerous . There are five main types of granzymes in humans: Granzyme A, B, H, K, and M .
Key Biological Properties: Granzymes are structurally related serine proteases that differ in their substrate specificity . They are synthesized as inactive precursors and activated by proteolytic cleavage .
Expression Patterns: Granzymes are expressed primarily in cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells . However, they can also be found in other immune cells such as dendritic cells, B cells, and mast cells .
Tissue Distribution: Granzymes are distributed in various tissues, including the spleen, lymph nodes, and peripheral blood . They can also be detected in non-immune cells such as keratinocytes, pneumocytes, and chondrocytes .
Primary Biological Functions: The primary function of granzymes is to induce apoptosis in target cells . Granzyme B, for example, activates caspases, which are crucial for the execution of apoptosis .
Role in Immune Responses: Granzymes play a vital role in the immune response by eliminating cells that have become cancerous or are infected with viruses or bacteria . They also kill bacteria and inhibit viral replication .
Pathogen Recognition: Granzymes contribute to pathogen recognition by targeting and killing intracellular pathogens . For instance, Granzyme A and B induce lethal oxidative damage in bacteria by cleaving components of the electron transport chain .
Mechanisms with Other Molecules and Cells: Granzymes are delivered into target cells via the pore-forming protein perforin . Once inside the cell, they cleave various substrates to induce apoptosis .
Binding Partners: Granzymes interact with several binding partners, including perforin and various intracellular proteins . Granzyme B, for example, cleaves the protein Bid, which recruits Bax and Bak to change the membrane permeability of the mitochondria .
Downstream Signaling Cascades: Granzymes activate downstream signaling cascades that lead to apoptosis . Granzyme B activates caspase-3, which cleaves many substrates, including caspase-activated DNase, to execute cell death .
Transcriptional Regulation: The expression of granzymes is tightly regulated at the transcriptional level . Various transcription factors bind to the promoter regions of granzyme genes to control their expression .
Post-Translational Modifications: Granzymes undergo post-translational modifications, such as proteolytic cleavage, to become active . These modifications are crucial for their function and regulation .
Biomedical Research: Granzymes are extensively studied in biomedical research for their role in immune responses and apoptosis . They are used as markers for cytotoxic activity in various assays .
Diagnostic Tools: Granzymes serve as diagnostic markers for certain diseases, including cancer and viral infections . Elevated levels of granzymes can indicate an active immune response .
Therapeutic Strategies: Granzymes are being explored as therapeutic agents for cancer and infectious diseases . Their ability to induce apoptosis makes them potential candidates for targeted therapies .
Development: Granzymes are involved in the development of the immune system by eliminating defective or harmful cells .
Aging: The activity of granzymes can change with age, potentially contributing to age-related immune dysfunction .
Disease: Dysregulation of granzyme activity is associated with various diseases, including autoimmune disorders, chronic inflammation, and cancer . Understanding their role in these conditions is crucial for developing new therapeutic strategies .
