Enzymes
Product List
GLO1 Human
Glyoxalase-I Human Recombinant
Glyoxalase-1 is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
GLO1 Human, Active
Glyoxalase-I Human Recombinant, Active
Glyoxalase-1 is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
GLO1 Mouse
Glyoxalase-I Mouse Recombinant
Introduction
The glyoxalase system is a set of enzymes responsible for the detoxification of methylglyoxal and other reactive aldehydes produced as byproducts of metabolism. This system is highly conserved across various organisms, including bacteria and eukaryotes . The glyoxalase system primarily consists of two enzymes: Glyoxalase I (GLO1) and Glyoxalase II (GLO2). In some bacteria, a third enzyme, Glyoxalase III (GLO3), is also present .
Key Biological Properties: The glyoxalase system utilizes intracellular thiols, such as glutathione (GSH), to convert α-ketoaldehydes like methylglyoxal into D-hydroxyacids . This detoxification process is crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis.
Expression Patterns and Tissue Distribution: Glyoxalase enzymes are ubiquitously expressed in various tissues, reflecting their essential role in cellular metabolism. The expression levels can vary depending on the tissue type and the organism’s metabolic state .
Primary Biological Functions: The primary function of the glyoxalase system is to detoxify methylglyoxal, a cytotoxic byproduct of glycolysis. By converting methylglyoxal into D-lactate, the system prevents the accumulation of harmful metabolites .
Role in Immune Responses and Pathogen Recognition: The glyoxalase system also plays a role in modulating immune responses. It helps in maintaining redox balance and preventing oxidative stress, which is crucial for proper immune function .
Mechanisms with Other Molecules and Cells: The glyoxalase system operates through a series of enzymatic reactions. GLO1 catalyzes the isomerization of hemithioacetal, formed spontaneously from methylglyoxal and GSH, into S-D-lactoylglutathione. GLO2 then hydrolyzes S-D-lactoylglutathione into D-lactate and regenerates GSH .
Binding Partners and Downstream Signaling Cascades: The glyoxalase system interacts with various cellular components to maintain metabolic balance. It is involved in signaling pathways that regulate cellular stress responses and metabolic processes .
Transcriptional Regulation: The expression of glyoxalase enzymes is regulated at the transcriptional level by various factors, including stress signals and metabolic cues .
Post-Translational Modifications: Glyoxalase enzymes undergo post-translational modifications that can affect their activity and stability. These modifications include phosphorylation and acetylation, which modulate enzyme function in response to cellular conditions .
Biomedical Research: The glyoxalase system is a target for research in various diseases, including cancer and diabetes. Its role in detoxifying methylglyoxal makes it a potential therapeutic target .
Diagnostic Tools and Therapeutic Strategies: Glyoxalase activity can be used as a biomarker for oxidative stress and metabolic disorders. Therapeutic strategies targeting glyoxalase enzymes are being explored for their potential to mitigate disease progression .
From Development to Aging and Disease: The glyoxalase system plays a critical role throughout the life cycle. During development, it helps in maintaining cellular homeostasis. In aging, its activity can decline, leading to the accumulation of harmful metabolites. Dysregulation of the glyoxalase system is associated with various age-related diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders and cancer .
