Enzymes
Product List
PPARG Human
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Gamma Human Recombinant
PPARG Human (1-477)
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Gamma Human Recombinant, (1-477 a.a)
The PPARG is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Introduction
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG), also known as PPAR-γ or NR1C3 (nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group C, member 3), is a type II nuclear receptor functioning as a transcription factor. It is encoded by the PPARG gene in humans . PPARG is a member of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) subfamily of nuclear receptors, which also includes PPAR-alpha and PPAR-delta .
Key Biological Properties: PPARG is a ligand-activated transcription factor that regulates gene expression by binding to specific DNA sequences known as PPAR response elements (PPREs) . It plays a crucial role in adipocyte differentiation, lipid metabolism, and glucose homeostasis .
Expression Patterns: PPARG is expressed in various tissues, with the highest levels found in adipose tissue, colon, and macrophages . There are two main isoforms of PPARG: PPAR-γ1, which is found in nearly all tissues except muscle, and PPAR-γ2, which is predominantly found in adipose tissue and the intestine .
Tissue Distribution: PPARG is mainly present in adipose tissue, colon, and macrophages . Its expression is also observed in other tissues such as the liver, skeletal muscle, and immune cells .
Primary Biological Functions: PPARG regulates fatty acid storage and glucose metabolism. It stimulates lipid uptake and adipogenesis by fat cells . PPARG knockout mice are devoid of adipose tissue, establishing it as a master regulator of adipocyte differentiation .
Role in Immune Responses and Pathogen Recognition: PPARG is involved in the maturation and function of various immune cells, including monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, and lymphocytes . It modulates immune responses by regulating the expression of genes involved in inflammation and immune cell differentiation .
Mechanisms with Other Molecules and Cells: PPARG forms heterodimers with retinoid X receptors (RXRs) and binds to PPREs to regulate gene transcription . It can also interact with other transcription factors and co-regulators to modulate gene expression .
Binding Partners and Downstream Signaling Cascades: PPARG binds to various ligands, including fatty acids and synthetic agonists such as thiazolidinediones (TZDs) . Upon ligand binding, PPARG undergoes a conformational change that allows it to recruit co-activators and initiate transcription of target genes . This leads to the activation of downstream signaling pathways involved in lipid metabolism, glucose homeostasis, and inflammation .
Transcriptional Regulation: PPARG expression is regulated by various transcription factors and signaling pathways . For example, the MEK/ERK pathway can phosphorylate PPARG, leading to decreased transcriptional activity and insulin insensitivity .
Post-Translational Modifications: PPARG activity can be modulated by post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation, sumoylation, and ubiquitination . These modifications can affect PPARG’s stability, localization, and interaction with other proteins .
Biomedical Research: PPARG is extensively studied for its role in metabolic diseases, including obesity, diabetes, and atherosclerosis . It is also investigated for its potential role in cancer and inflammation .
Diagnostic Tools: PPARG expression levels and activity can serve as biomarkers for metabolic disorders and certain types of cancer . Immunohistochemistry and other molecular techniques are used to assess PPARG expression in clinical samples .
Therapeutic Strategies: PPARG agonists, such as TZDs, are used to treat type 2 diabetes by improving insulin sensitivity . Research is ongoing to develop new PPARG modulators with improved efficacy and safety profiles for various diseases .
Development: PPARG is essential for adipocyte differentiation and the development of adipose tissue . It also plays a role in the development of other tissues, including the colon and immune system .
Aging and Disease: PPARG activity is implicated in age-related metabolic disorders, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes . Dysregulation of PPARG signaling is also associated with the development of certain cancers and inflammatory diseases .
