Enzymes
Product List
GPBB Human
Glycogen Phosphorylase Human Recombinant
The GPBB is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
PNP Human
Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase Human Recombinant
PYGL Human
Phosphorylase, Glycogen, Liver Human Recombinant
PYGL is fused to a 32 amino acid His-tag at N-terminus & purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
TYMP Human
Thymidine Phosphorylase Human Recombinant
UGP2 Human
UDP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase 2 Human Recombinant
UGP2 is fused to a 23 amino acid His-tag at N-terminus & purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
UPP1 E.coli
Uridine Phosphorylase E.coli Recombinant
UPP1 Human
Uridine Phosphorylase 1 Human Recombinant
UPP1 is fused to a 20 amino acid His Tag at N-terminus and is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
UPP1 Salmonella
Uridine Phosphorylase Salmonella Typhimurium Recombinant
Introduction
Phosphorylases are enzymes that catalyze the addition of a phosphate group from an inorganic phosphate to an acceptor molecule. This process is known as phosphorolysis. Phosphorylases are distinct from phosphatases, which remove phosphate groups, and kinases, which transfer phosphate groups from donor molecules like ATP . Phosphorylases are classified into several categories based on their substrate specificity:
- Glycosyltransferases (EC 2.4): These enzymes break down glucans by removing a glucose residue. Examples include glycogen phosphorylase, starch phosphorylase, and maltodextrin phosphorylase.
- Nucleotidyltransferases (EC 2.7.7): These enzymes have phosphorolytic 3’ to 5’ exoribonuclease activity. Examples include RNase PH and polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase) .
Phosphorylases exhibit key biological properties, including their ability to catalyze the production of glucose-1-phosphate from glucans such as glycogen, starch, or maltodextrin . They are allosteric enzymes, meaning their activity can be regulated by molecules that bind to sites other than the active site. Phosphorylases are expressed in various tissues, with glycogen phosphorylase being present in the liver, muscle, and brain . The expression patterns and tissue distribution of phosphorylases are crucial for their role in energy metabolism and other cellular processes.
The primary biological function of phosphorylases is to catalyze the breakdown of glycogen into glucose-1-phosphate, which is essential for maintaining blood glucose levels . In addition to their role in energy metabolism, phosphorylases are involved in immune responses and pathogen recognition. For example, polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase) plays a role in RNA metabolism and degradation, which is important for the immune response to viral infections .
Phosphorylases interact with other molecules and cells through various mechanisms. Glycogen phosphorylase, for instance, binds to glycogen and catalyzes its breakdown into glucose-1-phosphate . This process involves the transfer of a phosphate group from an inorganic phosphate to the glycogen molecule. Phosphorylases also interact with other proteins and enzymes, forming complexes that regulate their activity and downstream signaling cascades .
The expression and activity of phosphorylases are regulated by several mechanisms, including transcriptional regulation and post-translational modifications. Phosphorylation is a key regulatory mechanism that controls the activity of glycogen phosphorylase. The enzyme exists in two forms: the active phosphorylase a and the less active phosphorylase b. Phosphorylase kinase phosphorylates phosphorylase b to convert it into the active form, while phosphoprotein phosphatase dephosphorylates phosphorylase a to convert it back to the less active form . Other regulatory mechanisms include allosteric regulation by molecules such as AMP, ATP, and glucose-6-phosphate .
Phosphorylases have various applications in biomedical research, diagnostic tools, and therapeutic strategies. In research, phosphorylases are used to study carbohydrate metabolism and energy production. They are also used in the synthesis of bioactive carbohydrates and glycosylated products . In diagnostics, phosphorylases can be used as biomarkers for certain diseases, such as glycogen storage diseases . Therapeutically, phosphorylases are being explored as targets for drug development, particularly in the treatment of metabolic disorders and cancer .
Phosphorylases play a crucial role throughout the life cycle, from development to aging and disease. During development, phosphorylases are involved in the regulation of energy metabolism and cellular growth . In aging, changes in phosphorylase activity can affect metabolic processes and contribute to age-related diseases . In disease, mutations or dysregulation of phosphorylases can lead to metabolic disorders, such as glycogen storage diseases, and impact the immune response to infections .
