Enzymes
Product List
CA8 Human, Active
Carbonic Anhydrase 8 Human Recombinant, BioActive
CA8 Human Recombinant produced in E.Coli is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 314 amino acids (1-290) and having a molecular mass of 35.5kDa.
CA8 Humanis fused to a 24 amino acid His-Tag at N-terminus and purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
CAIII Human, His
Carbonic Anhydrase III Human Recombinant, His Tag
The CA-III is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Carbonic Anhydrase 2 Human
Carbonic Anhydrase 2 Human Recombinant
The Carbonic anhydrase 2 is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Carbonic Anhydrase II E.coli
Carbonic Anhydrase II E.coli Recombinant
The Carbonic anhydrase 2 is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
CTSE Mouse
Cathepsin-E Mouse Recombinant
CTSE Mouse produced in Sf9 Insect cells is a single, glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 385 amino acids ( 21-397 a.a.) and having a molecular mass of 41.8 kDa.
CTSE is expressed with a 8 amino acid His tag at C-Terminus and purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Introduction
Carbonic anhydrase (CA) is a metalloenzyme that catalyzes the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide (CO₂) to bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) and protons (H⁺) . This enzyme is crucial for maintaining acid-base balance and facilitating CO₂ transport in various organisms. CAs are classified into several distinct families based on their structure and evolutionary origin: α, β, γ, δ, ζ, η, and θ . The α-family is predominant in humans, while other families are found in plants, algae, and bacteria .
Key Biological Properties: Carbonic anhydrase is characterized by its high catalytic efficiency and the presence of a zinc ion at its active site . This enzyme is involved in rapid interconversion between CO₂ and bicarbonate, which is essential for various physiological processes .
Expression Patterns and Tissue Distribution: CA is ubiquitously expressed in many tissues, including red blood cells, kidneys, lungs, and the gastrointestinal tract . Different isoforms of CA are distributed in specific tissues, reflecting their specialized functions. For example, CA II is abundant in red blood cells, while CA IV is found in the kidneys and lungs .
Primary Biological Functions: The primary function of CA is to catalyze the reversible hydration of CO₂, which is vital for respiration and pH regulation . In the lungs, CA facilitates the conversion of CO₂ to bicarbonate, aiding in CO₂ transport from tissues to the lungs for exhalation .
Role in Immune Responses and Pathogen Recognition: CA plays a role in maintaining the pH balance in various tissues, which is crucial for immune cell function and pathogen recognition . By regulating the local pH, CA can influence the activity of immune cells and the effectiveness of the immune response .
Mechanisms with Other Molecules and Cells: CA interacts with various molecules and cells to maintain acid-base homeostasis. It catalyzes the conversion of CO₂ to bicarbonate and protons, which are then transported across cell membranes .
Binding Partners and Downstream Signaling Cascades: CA binds to zinc ions at its active site, which is essential for its catalytic activity . The enzyme’s activity can influence downstream signaling pathways involved in pH regulation and ion transport .
Regulatory Mechanisms Controlling Expression and Activity: The expression and activity of CA are regulated at multiple levels, including transcriptional regulation and post-translational modifications . Various factors, such as pH, CO₂ levels, and hormonal signals, can influence CA expression .
Transcriptional Regulation and Post-Translational Modifications: Transcription factors and signaling molecules can modulate the expression of CA genes . Post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation and acetylation, can also affect the enzyme’s activity and stability .
Biomedical Research: CA is extensively studied in biomedical research due to its role in various physiological processes and diseases . Researchers are exploring CA inhibitors as potential therapeutic agents for conditions like glaucoma, epilepsy, and cancer .
Diagnostic Tools and Therapeutic Strategies: CA inhibitors, such as acetazolamide, are used to treat glaucoma by reducing intraocular pressure . Additionally, CA is being investigated for its potential in cancer therapy, as certain isoforms are overexpressed in tumors .
Role Throughout the Life Cycle: CA plays a critical role throughout the life cycle, from development to aging and disease . During development, CA is involved in processes like bone formation and neural development . In aging, changes in CA activity can affect physiological functions and contribute to age-related diseases .
From Development to Aging and Disease: CA’s role in maintaining pH balance and facilitating CO₂ transport is essential for various stages of life . Dysregulation of CA activity can lead to conditions like osteoporosis, neurodegenerative diseases, and metabolic disorders .
