Enzymes
Product List
CKB Human, Pichia
Creatine Kinase Brain Human Recombinant, Pichia
CKBB Human Recombinant produced in Pichia Pastoris is a dimeric glycosylated full length polypeptide chain comprised of 2 identical B subunits and having an identical amino acid sequence compared to the native enzyme, purified under non-denaturing conditions and having a Mw of 47kDa
The CKBB is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
CKM Human
Creatine Kinase Muscle Human Recombinant
Recombinant Human Creatine Kinase Muscle produced in E.Coli is a single, non-glycosylated, polypeptide chain, having a molecular weight of ~44kDa.
The CKM is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Escherichia Coli.
Sterile Filtered colorless liquid formulation.
Introduction
Creatine kinases (CK), also known as creatine phosphokinases (CPK), are enzymes that catalyze the conversion of creatine and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to phosphocreatine (PCr) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP). This reversible reaction plays a crucial role in cellular energy homeostasis . CK enzymes are classified into three main isoenzymes based on their tissue distribution: CK-MM (muscle type), CK-BB (brain type), and CK-MB (hybrid type found in the heart) . Additionally, there are two mitochondrial isoforms: ubiquitous mitochondrial CK (u-mtCK) and sarcomeric mitochondrial CK (s-mtCK) .
Key Biological Properties: CK enzymes are essential for maintaining ATP levels in cells with high energy demands, such as muscle cells, brain cells, and spermatozoa . They facilitate the rapid regeneration of ATP from PCr, ensuring a constant energy supply .
Expression Patterns and Tissue Distribution: CK-MM is predominantly found in skeletal muscle, CK-BB in the brain and smooth muscle, and CK-MB in the myocardium (heart muscle) . Mitochondrial CK isoforms are present in tissues with high metabolic rates, such as the heart and skeletal muscle .
Primary Biological Functions: CK enzymes play a pivotal role in cellular energy metabolism by maintaining ATP homeostasis . They act as an energy buffer, storing and regenerating ATP as needed .
Role in Immune Responses and Pathogen Recognition: Recent studies suggest that creatine metabolism, including CK activity, may influence immune cell function and pathogen recognition . CK enzymes help regulate energy supply during immune responses, supporting the high energy demands of activated immune cells .
Mechanisms with Other Molecules and Cells: CK enzymes interact with various molecules, including ATP, ADP, and creatine, to facilitate the reversible transfer of a phosphoryl group . This interaction is crucial for maintaining cellular energy balance .
Binding Partners and Downstream Signaling Cascades: CK enzymes bind to creatine and ATP to form phosphocreatine and ADP . This reaction is part of the phosphocreatine shuttle, which transports high-energy phosphate groups within cells . CK activity also influences downstream signaling pathways involved in energy metabolism and cellular stress responses .
Regulatory Mechanisms Controlling Expression and Activity: CK expression and activity are regulated at multiple levels, including transcriptional and post-translational modifications . Transcription factors and signaling pathways modulate CK gene expression in response to cellular energy demands .
Transcriptional Regulation and Post-Translational Modifications: CK genes are regulated by transcription factors that respond to changes in cellular energy status . Post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation, can also modulate CK enzyme activity and stability .
Biomedical Research: CK enzymes are widely studied in biomedical research for their role in energy metabolism and muscle physiology . They serve as biomarkers for muscle damage and cardiac events .
Diagnostic Tools: Elevated CK levels in the blood are used as diagnostic markers for conditions such as myocardial infarction, rhabdomyolysis, and muscular dystrophy . CK assays are commonly performed in clinical settings to assess tissue damage .
Therapeutic Strategies: Understanding CK function and regulation has potential therapeutic implications for metabolic disorders, muscle diseases, and cardiovascular conditions . Targeting CK pathways may offer new treatment approaches for these diseases .
Role Throughout the Life Cycle: CK enzymes play a critical role in energy metabolism throughout the life cycle, from development to aging . During development, CK activity supports rapid cell growth and differentiation . In aging, CK function may decline, contributing to reduced muscle mass and strength .
Development to Aging and Disease: CK enzymes are essential for maintaining energy homeostasis during periods of high metabolic demand, such as growth, exercise, and stress . Dysregulation of CK activity is associated with various diseases, including muscular dystrophy, heart failure, and neurodegenerative disorders .
