Cytokines
Product List
RELT Human
RELT Human Recombinant
RELT produced in Sf9 Baculovirus cells is a single, glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 376 amino acids (26-162a.a.) and having a molecular mass of 41.4kDa. (Molecular size on SDS-PAGE will appear at approximately 40-57kDa).
RELT is expressed with a 239 amino acid hIgG-His-tag at C-Terminus and purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Sf9, Baculovirus cells.
TACI Human, Sf9
Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor 13B Human Recombinant, Sf9
| TACI produced in Sf9 Insect cells is a single, glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 407 amino acids (1-165a.a.) and having a molecular mass of 45.8kDa (Molecular size on SDS-PAGE will appear at approximately 25-50kDa). TACI is expressed with a 242 amino acid hIgG-His tag at C-Terminus and purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques. |
TACI Human
Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor 13B Human Recombinant
TACI Human, His
Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor 13B Human Recombinant, His Tag
TNF a Canine
Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Canine Recombinant
The TNF-a is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
TNF a Human, His
Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Human Recombinant, His Tag
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Human Recombinant His produced in E.Coli is a single, non-glycosylated, polypeptide chain containing 164 amino acids fragment and having a molecular mass of 18.3kDa with an N-terminal hexahistidine tag. The TNF-alpha His is purified by standard chromatographic techniques.
TNF a Human, Sf9
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha Human Recombinant, Sf9
TNF a Mouse
Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Mouse Recombinant
The TNF-alpha is purified by standard chromatographic techniques.
TNF a Mutant Human
Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Mutant Human Recombinant
The TNF-alpha Variant is purified by standard chromatographic techniques.
TNF a Rabbit
Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Rabbit Recombinant
The TNF-alpha is purified by standard chromatographic techniques.
Introduction
Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) is a cytokine, a type of signaling protein involved in systemic inflammation and is part of the body’s immune response. TNF is primarily produced by activated macrophages, although it can also be produced by other cell types such as lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and neurons. TNF is classified into two main forms:
- TNF-α (Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha): The most studied form, involved in systemic inflammation and acute phase reactions.
- TNF-β (Tumor Necrosis Factor-beta): Also known as lymphotoxin, it is produced by lymphocytes and has similar but distinct functions compared to TNF-α.
Key Biological Properties:
- Molecular Weight: TNF-α is a 17 kDa protein, while TNF-β is slightly larger.
- Structure: TNF-α is a trimeric protein, meaning it forms a complex of three identical subunits.
Expression Patterns:
- TNF-α: Expressed primarily by macrophages, but also by other immune cells such as T cells and natural killer cells.
- TNF-β: Expressed by activated lymphocytes.
Tissue Distribution:
- TNF is found in various tissues, including the spleen, liver, and adipose tissue. It is also present in the bloodstream during systemic inflammation.
Primary Biological Functions:
- Inflammation: TNF is a key mediator of inflammation, promoting the recruitment of immune cells to sites of infection or injury.
- Cell Death: TNF can induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) in certain cells, which is crucial for controlling infections and preventing cancer.
- Immune Response: TNF plays a role in the activation and differentiation of immune cells, enhancing the body’s ability to fight off pathogens.
Role in Immune Responses:
- Pathogen Recognition: TNF helps in recognizing and responding to pathogens by activating immune cells and promoting the production of other cytokines.
Mechanisms with Other Molecules and Cells:
- Receptors: TNF exerts its effects by binding to two receptors, TNFR1 and TNFR2, which are present on the surface of various cells.
- Binding Partners: TNF can interact with other cytokines and signaling molecules to amplify or modulate its effects.
Downstream Signaling Cascades:
- NF-κB Pathway: Activation of TNFR1 leads to the activation of the NF-κB pathway, which promotes the expression of genes involved in inflammation and cell survival.
- MAPK Pathway: TNF can also activate the MAPK pathway, leading to the production of inflammatory mediators.
Regulatory Mechanisms:
- Transcriptional Regulation: The expression of TNF is tightly regulated at the transcriptional level by various transcription factors, including NF-κB and AP-1.
- Post-Translational Modifications: TNF undergoes several post-translational modifications, such as glycosylation and cleavage, which can affect its activity and stability.
Biomedical Research:
- Disease Models: TNF is used in research to study inflammatory diseases, cancer, and autoimmune disorders.
Diagnostic Tools:
- Biomarkers: Elevated levels of TNF in the blood can serve as biomarkers for various inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
Therapeutic Strategies:
- Anti-TNF Therapies: Drugs that inhibit TNF, such as infliximab and etanercept, are used to treat conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease, and psoriasis.
Role Throughout the Life Cycle:
- Development: TNF is involved in embryonic development, particularly in the formation of the immune system.
- Aging: TNF levels can increase with age, contributing to age-related inflammation and diseases.
- Disease: Dysregulation of TNF is associated with various diseases, including chronic inflammatory conditions, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders.
