Cytokines
Product List
CTLA 4 Human
Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Associated Antigen-4 Human Recombinant
CTLA 4 is fused to a 23 amino acid His-tag at N-terminus & purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
CTLA4 Human, igG-His
Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Associated Antigen-4 Human Recombinant, igG-His Tag
CTLA4 is expressed with a 239 amino acid hIgG-His-tag at C-Terminus and purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
CTLA4 Human, IgG-His, Active
CTLA4 Human Recombinant, igG-His Tag, Active
CTLA4 Human produced in Sf9 Baculovirus cells is a single, glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 368 amino acids (36-161aa) and having a molecular mass of 40.8kDa.
CTLA4 is fused to a 242 amino acid hIgG-His-Tag at C-terminus and purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
CTLA4 Human, Sf9
Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Associated Antigen-4 Human Recombinant, Sf9
CTLA4 produced in Sf9 Baculovirus cells is a single, glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 135 amino acids (36-161a.a.) and having a molecular mass of 14.6kDa (Molecular size on SDS-PAGE will appear at approximately 18-28kDa).
CTLA4 is expressed with a 6 amino acid His tag at C-Terminus and purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
CTLA4 Mouse
Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Associated Antigen-4 Mouse Recombinant
CTLA4 is fused to a 239 amino acid hIgG-His-tag at C-terminus & purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Introduction
Key Biological Properties: CTLA-4 is a type I transmembrane protein consisting of 223 amino acids . It has a single Ig-V (variable)-like domain on its extracellular portion .
Expression Patterns: CTLA-4 is constitutively expressed in regulatory T cells (Tregs) and is upregulated in conventional T cells upon activation . It is also expressed in various other immune cells and some non-immune cells .
Tissue Distribution: CTLA-4 is predominantly found in lymphoid tissues such as the lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus . It is also expressed in other tissues including the pancreas and testis .
Primary Biological Functions: CTLA-4 plays a crucial role in maintaining immune homeostasis by acting as an inhibitory receptor on T cells . It downregulates T cell activation and proliferation, thereby preventing excessive immune responses .
Role in Immune Responses: CTLA-4 is essential in regulating the amplitude of T cell responses. It competes with CD28 for binding to B7 molecules (CD80 and CD86) on antigen-presenting cells (APCs), thereby inhibiting T cell activation .
Pathogen Recognition: While CTLA-4 itself is not directly involved in pathogen recognition, its regulatory role ensures that immune responses to pathogens are kept in check to prevent autoimmunity .
Mechanisms with Other Molecules and Cells: CTLA-4 primarily functions by outcompeting CD28 for binding to B7 molecules on APCs . This competitive inhibition prevents the co-stimulatory signal required for full T cell activation .
Binding Partners: The primary binding partners of CTLA-4 are CD80 (B7-1) and CD86 (B7-2) on APCs .
Downstream Signaling Cascades: Upon binding to its ligands, CTLA-4 transmits inhibitory signals that reduce the production of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and inhibit cell cycle progression in T cells .
Expression and Activity Control: The expression and activity of CTLA-4 are tightly regulated by various mechanisms including ligand-induced expression, cell surface translocation, rapid internalization, recycling, and degradation .
Transcriptional Regulation: CTLA-4 expression is regulated at the transcriptional level by various transcription factors that respond to immune signals .
Post-Translational Modifications: CTLA-4 undergoes several post-translational modifications that affect its stability, localization, and function .
Biomedical Research: CTLA-4 is extensively studied in the context of immune regulation and autoimmunity .
Diagnostic Tools: CTLA-4 expression levels can serve as biomarkers for certain autoimmune diseases and cancers .
Therapeutic Strategies: CTLA-4 inhibitors, such as monoclonal antibodies, are used in cancer immunotherapy to enhance anti-tumor immune responses . Conversely, CTLA-4 agonists are explored for treating autoimmune diseases by dampening excessive immune activity .
Development: CTLA-4 is crucial for the development and function of regulatory T cells, which are essential for maintaining immune tolerance from early development .
Aging: The regulatory role of CTLA-4 continues throughout life, helping to prevent age-related autoimmunity .
Disease: Dysregulation of CTLA-4 is associated with various diseases, including autoimmune disorders and cancers . Its role in these conditions makes it a critical target for therapeutic interventions .
