Cytokines
Product List
SAA Canine
Serum Amyloid A (APO-SAA) Canine Recombinant
SAA Canine produced in E.coli is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain (1-111 a.a) containing 121 a.a and having a molecular mass of 13,766 Dalton. SAA s fused with a 10 amino acids affinity tag at N-Terminus and purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
SAA Equine
Serum Amyloid A (APO-SAA) Equine Recombinant
SAA Equine produced in E.coli is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain (1-110 a.a) containing 120 a.a and having a molecular mass of 13,580 Dalton. SAA s fused with a 10 amino acids affinity tag at N-Terminus and purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
SAA Feline
Serum Amyloid A (APO-SAA) Feline Recombinant
SAA Feline produced in E.coli is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain (1-111 a.a) containing 121 a.a and having a molecular mass of 13,838 Dalton. SAA s fused with a 10 amino acids His tag at N-Terminus and purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
SAA Human
Serum Amyloid A (APO-SAA) Human Recombinant
The Human APO-SAA is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
SAA1 Human
Serum Amyloid A (APO-SAA1) Human Recombinant
The SAA1 is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
SAA1 Human, His
Serum Amyloid A Human Recombinant (APO-SAA1), His Tag
SAA1 is fused to a 20 amino acid His Tag at N-terminus and purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
SAA1 Monkey
Serum Amyloid A (APO-SAA1) Rhesus Macaque Recombinant
SAA2 Human
Serum Amyloid A2 Human Recombinant
SAA2 Human Recombinant produced in E.Coli is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing N-terminal Met and having a molecular mass of 11.76kDa. SAA2Human is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Escherichia Coli.
Sterile Filtered White lyophilized (freeze-dried) powder.
SAA4 Human
Serum Amyloid A4 Human Recombinant
Introduction
Serum Amyloid A (SAA) proteins are a family of apolipoproteins associated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in plasma. They are classified into two main types: constitutive SAAs and acute-phase SAAs. Constitutive SAAs are expressed at stable levels, while acute-phase SAAs are produced in response to inflammatory stimuli .
Key Biological Properties: SAA proteins are small, with approximately 104 amino acids. They are highly conserved across vertebrate evolution .
Expression Patterns: Acute-phase SAAs, such as SAA1 and SAA2, are rapidly synthesized in the liver in response to inflammatory cytokines like IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α . Constitutive SAAs, like SAA4, are expressed at lower levels and are not significantly induced by inflammation .
Tissue Distribution: While the liver is the primary site of SAA production, these proteins can also be produced by adipocytes and other tissues .
Primary Biological Functions: SAAs play a crucial role in lipid metabolism, particularly in the transport of cholesterol to the liver for secretion into bile . They also recruit immune cells to sites of inflammation and induce enzymes that degrade the extracellular matrix .
Role in Immune Responses: SAAs act as cytokine-like proteins, facilitating cell-cell communication and feedback in inflammatory and immunologic pathways . They are involved in pathogen recognition and the acute-phase response to infection .
Mechanisms with Other Molecules and Cells: SAAs interact with multiple receptors, including FPR2, TLR2, TLR4, SR-BI, and P2X7 . These interactions activate transcription factors like NF-κB and play a role in epigenetic regulation through pathways such as MyD88-IRF4-Jmjd3 .
Binding Partners and Downstream Signaling Cascades: SAAs bind to HDL, glycosaminoglycans, cystatin C, and retinoic acid . These interactions trigger downstream signaling cascades that modulate inflammatory responses and lipid metabolism .
Expression and Activity Control: The expression of acute-phase SAAs is regulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α) and can be induced up to 1000-fold during acute inflammation .
Transcriptional Regulation: SAA genes are regulated at the transcriptional level by cytokines and other inflammatory mediators .
Post-Translational Modifications: Post-translational modifications of SAAs, such as phosphorylation, can influence their activity and interactions with other proteins .
Biomedical Research: SAAs are used as biomarkers for inflammation and infection due to their rapid and significant response to inflammatory stimuli .
Diagnostic Tools: SAA levels are measured in clinical settings to assess disease activity in conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, and amyloidosis .
Therapeutic Strategies: Targeting SAA pathways is being explored as a potential therapeutic approach for inflammatory diseases and amyloidosis .
