Cytokines
Product List
TNFRSF4 Mouse
TNF Receptor Superfamily Member 4 Mouse Recombinant
TNFRSF4 Mouse Recombinant produced in HEK293 cells is a single, glycosylated polypeptide chain (a.a 20-211) containing 435 amino acids and having a molecular mass of 48.6kDa.
TNFRSF4 is fused to a 243 amino acid hIgG-His tag at C-terminus and purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
TNFRSF6B Human
Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 6b Human Recombinant
TNFRSF8 Human
CD30 Ligand Receptor Human Recombinant
TNFRSF10A Human
TRAIL Receptor-1 Human Recombinant
TNFRSF10A produced in Sf9 Baculovirus cells is a single, glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 224 amino acids (24-239a.a.) and having a molecular mass of 23.9kDa. TNFRSF10A is expressed with an 6 amino acid His tag at C-Terminus and purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
APRIL Human
APRIL Human Recombinant
APRIL Mouse
APRIL Mouse Recombinant
LTBR Human
Lymphotoxin Beta Receptor Human Recombinant
LTBR is fused to a 24 amino acid His-tag at N-terminus & purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Mouse OX40L
OX40 Ligand Mouse Recombinant
OX40L Mouse produced in Sf9 Baculovirus cells is a single, glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 157 amino acids (51-198 aa) and having a molecular mass of 17.7kDa.
OX40L is fused to a 6 amino acid His tag at C-terminus and purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Sf9, Baculovirus cells.
Sterile filtered colorless solution.
OX40L Human
OX40 Ligand Human Recombinant
OX40L Human Recombinant is a single, glycosylated, polypeptide chain (51-183 a.a) containing a total of139 amino acids and having a molecular mass of 16.2 kDa.
OX40L is fused to a 6 a.a his-Tag at C-terminus and is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
RANK Mouse
RANK Mouse Recombinant
RANK Mouse Recombinant produced in Baculovirus is a single glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 426 amino acids (31-214 aa) and having a molecular mass of 47.5kDa.
RANK is fused to a 242 amino acid hIgG-His-Tag at C-terminus and purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Sf9, Baculovirus cells.
Introduction
Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) is a cytokine, a type of signaling protein involved in systemic inflammation and is part of the body’s immune response. TNF is primarily produced by activated macrophages, although it can also be produced by other cell types such as lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and neurons. TNF is classified into two main forms:
- TNF-α (Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha): The most studied form, involved in systemic inflammation and acute phase reactions.
- TNF-β (Tumor Necrosis Factor-beta): Also known as lymphotoxin, it is produced by lymphocytes and has similar but distinct functions compared to TNF-α.
Key Biological Properties:
- Molecular Weight: TNF-α is a 17 kDa protein, while TNF-β is slightly larger.
- Structure: TNF-α is a trimeric protein, meaning it forms a complex of three identical subunits.
Expression Patterns:
- TNF-α: Expressed primarily by macrophages, but also by other immune cells such as T cells and natural killer cells.
- TNF-β: Expressed by activated lymphocytes.
Tissue Distribution:
- TNF is found in various tissues, including the spleen, liver, and adipose tissue. It is also present in the bloodstream during systemic inflammation.
Primary Biological Functions:
- Inflammation: TNF is a key mediator of inflammation, promoting the recruitment of immune cells to sites of infection or injury.
- Cell Death: TNF can induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) in certain cells, which is crucial for controlling infections and preventing cancer.
- Immune Response: TNF plays a role in the activation and differentiation of immune cells, enhancing the body’s ability to fight off pathogens.
Role in Immune Responses:
- Pathogen Recognition: TNF helps in recognizing and responding to pathogens by activating immune cells and promoting the production of other cytokines.
Mechanisms with Other Molecules and Cells:
- Receptors: TNF exerts its effects by binding to two receptors, TNFR1 and TNFR2, which are present on the surface of various cells.
- Binding Partners: TNF can interact with other cytokines and signaling molecules to amplify or modulate its effects.
Downstream Signaling Cascades:
- NF-κB Pathway: Activation of TNFR1 leads to the activation of the NF-κB pathway, which promotes the expression of genes involved in inflammation and cell survival.
- MAPK Pathway: TNF can also activate the MAPK pathway, leading to the production of inflammatory mediators.
Regulatory Mechanisms:
- Transcriptional Regulation: The expression of TNF is tightly regulated at the transcriptional level by various transcription factors, including NF-κB and AP-1.
- Post-Translational Modifications: TNF undergoes several post-translational modifications, such as glycosylation and cleavage, which can affect its activity and stability.
Biomedical Research:
- Disease Models: TNF is used in research to study inflammatory diseases, cancer, and autoimmune disorders.
Diagnostic Tools:
- Biomarkers: Elevated levels of TNF in the blood can serve as biomarkers for various inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
Therapeutic Strategies:
- Anti-TNF Therapies: Drugs that inhibit TNF, such as infliximab and etanercept, are used to treat conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease, and psoriasis.
Role Throughout the Life Cycle:
- Development: TNF is involved in embryonic development, particularly in the formation of the immune system.
- Aging: TNF levels can increase with age, contributing to age-related inflammation and diseases.
- Disease: Dysregulation of TNF is associated with various diseases, including chronic inflammatory conditions, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders.
