CD Antigens

Key Biological Properties: CD164 is a sialomucin, a type of glycoprotein characterized by its high carbohydrate content and sialic acid residues . It is involved in cell adhesion and migration, particularly in hematopoietic progenitor cells .

Expression Patterns and Tissue Distribution: CD164 is expressed in a variety of tissues, including the mucosa of the sigmoid colon, bronchial epithelial cells, kidney tubules, and skin . It is also found in lymphoid tissues, bone marrow, and various epithelial cells . The protein is localized to the plasma membrane, lysosomal membrane, and endosomes .

Primary Biological Functions: CD164 plays a key role in hematopoiesis by facilitating the adhesion of CD34+ cells to the stroma and regulating their proliferation . It also modulates the migration of umbilical cord blood CD133+ cells through the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis .

Role in Immune Responses and Pathogen Recognition: CD164 is involved in the immune response by regulating the adhesion and migration of immune cells . It has been observed to play a role in muscle development and may be implicated in the immune response to pathogens .

Mechanisms with Other Molecules and Cells: CD164 interacts with various molecules, including the C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4), to regulate cell migration and adhesion . It functions as an adhesion receptor, facilitating cell-cell interactions and signaling .

Binding Partners and Downstream Signaling Cascades: CD164 binds to CXCR4 and modulates signaling pathways such as the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis, which is crucial for cell migration and proliferation . It also interacts with other proteins involved in cell adhesion and signaling .

Regulatory Mechanisms Controlling Expression and Activity: The expression of CD164 is regulated at both the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Transcription factors and signaling pathways modulate its gene expression . Post-translational modifications, such as glycosylation, play a significant role in its function and localization .

Transcriptional Regulation and Post-Translational Modifications: CD164 undergoes various post-translational modifications, including glycosylation, which are essential for its function as a sialomucin . These modifications influence its adhesive properties and interactions with other molecules .

Biomedical Research: CD164 is used as a biomarker for enriching human hematopoietic and skeletal stem cells . It is also studied for its role in cancer progression and metastasis .

Diagnostic Tools and Therapeutic Strategies: CD164 antibodies are utilized in diagnostic applications such as Western Blot, Flow Cytometry, Immunohistochemistry, ELISA, and Immunocytochemistry . Targeting CD164 may offer therapeutic potential in treating cancers and other diseases associated with its dysregulation .

Role Throughout the Life Cycle: CD164 is involved in various stages of the life cycle, from development to aging. It plays a critical role in the development of hematopoietic and skeletal systems . Dysregulation of CD164 expression has been linked to diseases such as cancer and hearing impairment .

From Development to Aging and Disease: CD164’s role in cell adhesion and migration makes it essential for proper development and tissue maintenance. Its dysregulation can lead to pathological conditions, highlighting its importance in both health and disease .