Cytokines
Product List
IL 1RA Mouse, His
Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist Mouse Recombinant, His Tag
IL-1RA is fused to a 25 amino acid His-tag at N-terminus & purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
IL 1RA Porcine
Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist Porcine Recombinant
IL 1RA Rat
Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist Rat Recombinant
The IL 1RA Rat is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
IL 1RA Rat, His
Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist Rat Recombinant, His Tag
IL 1RA is fused to a 23 amino acid His-tag at N-terminus & purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
IL 2 Equine
Interleukin-2 Equine Recombinant
The IL-2 Equine is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
IL 2 Human
Interleukin-2 Human Recombinant
Interleukin-2 Human Recombinant produced in E.Coli is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 133 amino acids and having a molecular mass of 15.4kDa.
The IL-2 is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
IL 2 Human, His
Interleukin-2 Human Recombinant, His Tag
IL 2 Human, Yeast
Interleukin-2 Human Recombinant, Yeast
IL 2 Mouse
Interleukin-2 Mouse Recombinant
The IL-2 is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
IL 2 Porcine
Interleukin-2 Porcine Recombinant
The IL-2 is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Introduction
Interleukins (ILs) are a group of cytokines, which are secreted proteins and signal molecules primarily produced by leukocytes (white blood cells). They play a crucial role in the immune system by mediating communication between cells . The human genome encodes more than 50 interleukins and related proteins . Interleukins are classified based on their structure and function, with common families including IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, and IL-12 .
Key Biological Properties: Interleukins are biologically active glycoproteins derived primarily from activated lymphocytes and macrophages . They induce T-lymphocyte activation and proliferation, augment neutrophil, macrophage, and T-lymphocyte cytotoxicity, and promote B lymphocyte and multilineage bone marrow stem-cell precursor growth and differentiation .
Expression Patterns and Tissue Distribution: Interleukins are produced by various cell types, including immune cells like macrophages and lymphocytes . They are expressed in different tissues, such as the bone marrow, thymus, and other epithelial cells .
Primary Biological Functions: Interleukins modulate the growth, differentiation, and activation of immune cells during inflammatory and immune responses . They play a role in both innate and adaptive immune responses .
Role in Immune Responses and Pathogen Recognition: Interleukins are involved in the regulation of immune responses, inflammatory reactions, and hematopoiesis . They help coordinate the body’s response to infections, inflammation, and other immune challenges .
Mechanisms with Other Molecules and Cells: Interleukins interact with specific cell surface receptors to stimulate target cells . For example, IL-6 controls leucocyte recruitment, determines the activity and maintenance of the inflammatory infiltrate, and drives various innate and adaptive immune responses .
Binding Partners and Downstream Signaling Cascades: Interleukins bind to their respective receptors, triggering downstream signaling pathways such as the Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathways . These signaling cascades lead to various cellular responses, including proliferation, differentiation, and cytokine production .
Regulatory Mechanisms Controlling Expression and Activity: The expression and activity of interleukins are regulated by complex molecular mechanisms. For example, IL-10 production is regulated by metabolic pathways and molecular signals downstream of the IL-10 receptor .
Transcriptional Regulation and Post-Translational Modifications: Interleukins undergo transcriptional regulation and post-translational modifications to ensure proper function. These modifications can include phosphorylation, glycosylation, and cleavage .
Biomedical Research: Interleukins are extensively studied in biomedical research for their roles in immune regulation and disease pathogenesis .
Diagnostic Tools: Interleukins serve as biomarkers for various diseases, aiding in diagnosis and monitoring of disease progression .
Therapeutic Strategies: Interleukins are used in therapeutic strategies, such as cancer immunotherapy and treatment of autoimmune diseases . For example, engineered cytokines from the IL-2 family have shown significant effects in tumor immunotherapy .
Role Throughout the Life Cycle: Interleukins play essential roles throughout the life cycle, from development to aging and disease. They regulate hematopoiesis, immune responses, and inflammation . For instance, IL-5 regulates eosinophil proliferation and differentiation, while IL-1 is involved in inflammatory responses .
