Hormones
Product List
TSH Canine
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Canine
TSH Canine is a heterodimeric glycoprotein consisting of 2 non-covalently linked subunits, an alpha subunit (96 a.a) and a beta subunit (118 a.a). TSH Canine is produced by co-expression of the alpha and beta subunits of TSH. Beta subunit contains alanine instead of valine at position 81.
Mammalian cell line.
TSH Human
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Human
TSH Protein
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Human Recombinant
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Human Recombinant produced in HEK 293 cells.
HEK 293 cells.
Sterile Filtered White lyophilized (freeze-dried) powder.
TSHB Human
TSHB Human Recombinant
TSHR Human
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor Human Recombinant
Recombinant Human Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor produced in E. coli forms a dimer migrating at 46kDa on SDS-PAGE. TSHR Human contains multiple Leucine rich repeats with a histidine tag at N-terminus and purified by proprietary chromatographic technique.
Introduction
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), also known as thyrotropin, is a glycoprotein hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland. It plays a crucial role in regulating the endocrine function of the thyroid gland by stimulating the production of thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4), and triiodothyronine (T3) . TSH is classified as a pituitary hormone and is chemically related to the pituitary gonadotropins, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) .
Key Biological Properties: TSH is a glycoprotein composed of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha (α) and beta (β) . The α subunit is common to other glycoprotein hormones, while the β subunit is unique to TSH and confers its biological specificity .
Expression Patterns and Tissue Distribution: TSH is synthesized and secreted by thyrotrope cells in the anterior pituitary gland . It is released into the bloodstream and binds to receptors on thyroid follicular cells, stimulating the production and release of thyroid hormones .
Primary Biological Functions: The primary function of TSH is to regulate the production of thyroid hormones, which are essential for metabolism, growth, and development . TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to produce T4 and T3, which in turn regulate various physiological processes, including metabolic rate, heart rate, and body temperature .
Role in Immune Responses and Pathogen Recognition: While TSH’s primary role is in thyroid hormone regulation, it also has immunomodulatory effects. TSH receptors are expressed on immune cells, and TSH can influence immune responses by modulating cytokine production and immune cell activity .
Mechanisms with Other Molecules and Cells: TSH exerts its effects by binding to the TSH receptor (TSHR) on thyroid follicular cells . This binding activates multiple signaling pathways mediated through G proteins and β-arrestins .
Binding Partners and Downstream Signaling Cascades: Upon binding to TSHR, TSH activates the adenylate cyclase-cAMP pathway, leading to the production of cyclic AMP (cAMP). This, in turn, activates protein kinase A (PKA), which phosphorylates target proteins involved in thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion .
Regulatory Mechanisms Controlling Expression and Activity: The secretion of TSH is regulated by a feedback loop involving the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and thyroid gland . The hypothalamus releases thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), which stimulates the pituitary gland to produce TSH . Elevated levels of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) inhibit the release of TRH and TSH, maintaining hormone levels within a narrow range .
Transcriptional Regulation and Post-Translational Modifications: TSH synthesis is regulated at the transcriptional level by thyroid hormones, which inhibit the transcription of TSH subunit genes . Post-translational modifications, such as glycosylation, are essential for the stability and activity of TSH .
Biomedical Research: TSH is used in research to study thyroid function and its regulation. It is also used to investigate the role of thyroid hormones in various physiological processes .
Diagnostic Tools: Measurement of TSH levels is a common diagnostic tool for assessing thyroid function. Abnormal TSH levels can indicate thyroid disorders such as hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism .
Therapeutic Strategies: TSH preparations are used in the treatment of thyroid cancer and in the management of thyroid disorders. TSH receptor antibodies are being explored as potential therapeutic agents for autoimmune thyroid diseases .
