Chemokines
Product List
I TAC Human
I-TAC Human Recombinant (CXCL11)
I-TAC Human Recombinant produced in E.Coli is a single, non-glycosylated, polypeptide chain containing 73 amino acids and having a molecular mass of 8300 Dalton.
The I-TAC is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
I TAC Human, His
I-TAC Human Recombinant (CXCL11), His Tag
I-TAC is fused to a 21 amino acid His-tag at N-terminus & purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
I TAC Mouse
I-TAC (CXCL11) Mouse Recombinant
Introduction
Interferon-inducible T-cell alpha chemoattractant (I-TAC), also known as CXCL11, is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family. It is also referred to as Interferon-gamma-inducible protein 9 (IP-9). CXCL11 is encoded by the CXCL11 gene located on human chromosome 4 . This chemokine is primarily involved in immune responses and inflammation.
Key Biological Properties: CXCL11 is a chemokine that exhibits chemotactic activity, particularly for activated T cells . It binds to the CXCR3 receptor with high affinity, which is shared with other chemokines like CXCL9 and CXCL10 .
Expression Patterns: The expression of CXCL11 is strongly induced by interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and interferon-beta (IFN-β), and weakly by interferon-alpha (IFN-α) . It is highly expressed in peripheral blood leukocytes, pancreas, and liver, with moderate levels in thymus, spleen, and lung .
Tissue Distribution: CXCL11 is found in various tissues, including the testicle, appendix, olfactory zone of the nasal mucosa, body of the pancreas, lymph nodes, rectum, smooth muscle tissue, islet of Langerhans, monocytes, and Achilles tendon .
Primary Biological Functions: CXCL11 plays a crucial role in the recruitment and activation of immune cells, particularly T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and monocytes/macrophages . It is chemotactic for activated T cells and induces calcium release in these cells .
Role in Immune Responses: CXCL11 is involved in the immune response by mediating the recruitment of immune cells to sites of infection or inflammation . It also plays a role in pathogen recognition and defense responses .
Mechanisms with Other Molecules and Cells: CXCL11 interacts with the CXCR3 receptor on the surface of target cells, leading to the activation of downstream signaling pathways . This interaction results in the recruitment and activation of immune cells .
Binding Partners: CXCL11 binds to the CXCR3 receptor with higher affinity than other ligands like CXCL9 and CXCL10 . It can also act as an antagonist for the CCR5 receptor .
Downstream Signaling Cascades: Upon binding to CXCR3, CXCL11 activates various signaling pathways, including those involved in chemotaxis, immune response, and inflammation .
Transcriptional Regulation: The expression of CXCL11 is primarily regulated by interferons, particularly IFN-γ and IFN-β . These cytokines induce the transcription of the CXCL11 gene in various cell types, including leukocytes, monocytes, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts .
Post-Translational Modifications: Post-translational modifications of CXCL11 may include glycosylation, which can affect its stability and activity .
Biomedical Research: CXCL11 is used in research to study immune responses, inflammation, and cancer . It serves as a biomarker for various diseases, including heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction .
Diagnostic Tools: CXCL11 levels can be measured in serum, plasma, and cell culture media using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) .
Therapeutic Strategies: CXCL11 modulators, including agonists and antagonists, are being explored for their potential in cancer immunotherapy, autoimmune diseases, and infectious diseases . Agonists can enhance immune cell recruitment to tumors, while antagonists can reduce inflammation in autoimmune conditions .
