Chemokines
Product List
CXCL16 Human
CXCL16 Human Recombinant
The CXCL16 is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
CXCL16 Mouse
CXCL16 Mouse Recombinant
The CXCL16 is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Introduction
Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 16 (CXCL16) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family. It is unique among chemokines due to its structure, which includes a chemokine domain, a mucin-like stalk, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic tail . CXCL16 can exist both as a membrane-bound molecule and as a soluble chemokine .
Key Biological Properties: CXCL16 is composed of 254 amino acids and has a chemokine domain, a mucin-like stalk, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic tail . It is produced by dendritic cells in the T cell zones of lymphoid organs and by cells in the red pulp of the spleen .
Expression Patterns and Tissue Distribution: CXCL16 is expressed in various tissues, including lymphoid tissues, bone marrow, testis, skeletal muscle, lymphatic endothelial cells, NK cells, T cells, monocytes, and neutrophils . It is also found in the hippocampus, amygdala, basal ganglia, midbrain, spinal cord, cerebral cortex, cerebellum, hypothalamus, choroid plexus, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, pituitary gland, lung, salivary gland, esophagus, tongue, stomach, colon, rectum, small intestine, duodenum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, kidney, urinary bladder, testis, epididymis, prostate, seminal vesicle, vagina, breast, cervix, endometrium, fallopian tube, ovary, placenta, heart muscle, skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, adipose tissue, skin, bone marrow, thymus, tonsil, lymph node, spleen, and appendix .
Primary Biological Functions: CXCL16 plays a significant role in chemotaxis, the process by which cells move in response to chemical stimuli . It is involved in the positive regulation of cell growth and response to interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor .
Role in Immune Responses and Pathogen Recognition: CXCL16 acts as a mediator of innate immunity by attracting CXCR6-expressing cells, such as activated T cells and natural killer T (NKT) cells . It is also involved in the immune response to various pathogens .
Mechanisms with Other Molecules and Cells: CXCL16 interacts with the chemokine receptor CXCR6, also known as Bonzo . This interaction is crucial for the binding and migration of several subsets of T cells and NKT cells . CXCL16 is induced by inflammatory cytokines such as interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha .
Binding Partners and Downstream Signaling Cascades: CXCL16 binds to CXCR6, leading to the activation of downstream signaling pathways that regulate immune cell migration and function . It also plays a role in the polarization of microglia and macrophages towards an anti-inflammatory phenotype .
Transcriptional Regulation: The expression of CXCL16 is regulated by inflammatory cytokines such as interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha .
Post-Translational Modifications: CXCL16 undergoes cleavage by disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10), releasing the 35 kDa chemokine domain as a soluble form of CXCL16 (sCXCL16) .
Biomedical Research: CXCL16 is extensively studied for its role in various diseases, including cancer, atherosclerosis, renal fibrosis, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) .
Diagnostic Tools: CXCL16 serves as a biomarker for several diseases, including COVID-19 and systemic scleroderma .
Therapeutic Strategies: CXCL16 is being explored as a target for therapeutic interventions in cancer and inflammatory diseases .
Development to Aging and Disease: CXCL16 is involved in various stages of the life cycle, from development to aging. It plays a role in the development of thymocytes, the cellular immune response, and the inflammatory response . CXCL16 is also implicated in the progression of diseases such as cancer and atherosclerosis .
