Chemokines
Product List
CCL3L1 Human
LD78-beta (CCL3L1) Human Recombinant
CCL3L1 Human, His
LD78-beta (CCL3L1) Human Recombinant, His Tag
Introduction
LD78-beta, also known as CCL3L1, is a member of the CC chemokine family. Chemokines are small cytokines or signaling proteins secreted by cells. CCL3L1 is closely related to macrophage inflammatory protein 1-alpha (MIP-1α) and is encoded by the CCL3L1 gene located on chromosome 17q12 . It is also known by several other names, including G0S19-2, SCYA3L1, and MIP1AP .
Key Biological Properties: LD78-beta is a potent chemokine with a molecular weight of approximately 7.7 kDa . It is chemotactic for lymphocytes and monocytes and exhibits significant activity in HIV suppression assays .
Expression Patterns and Tissue Distribution: CCL3L1 is expressed in various tissues, including peripheral blood monocytes, lymphocytes, and macrophages . It is also found in higher levels in certain pathological conditions, such as glioblastoma .
Primary Biological Functions: LD78-beta plays a crucial role in immune responses by attracting lymphocytes and monocytes to sites of infection or inflammation . It binds to several chemokine receptors, including CCR1, CCR3, and CCR5 .
Role in Immune Responses and Pathogen Recognition: CCL3L1 is involved in the chemotaxis of immune cells, facilitating their movement towards sites of infection or injury. It also plays a role in inhibiting HIV-1 infection by binding to the CCR5 receptor, which is a co-receptor for HIV entry into cells .
Mechanisms with Other Molecules and Cells: LD78-beta interacts with chemokine receptors CCR1, CCR3, and CCR5 . The binding of LD78-beta to these receptors triggers downstream signaling cascades that lead to the activation and migration of immune cells .
Binding Partners and Downstream Signaling Cascades: Upon binding to CCR5, LD78-beta inhibits HIV-1 entry into cells by blocking the receptor and preventing the virus from attaching and entering the host cell . This interaction also leads to the internalization and degradation of the receptor, further reducing the availability of CCR5 for HIV entry .
Regulatory Mechanisms Controlling Expression and Activity: The expression of CCL3L1 is regulated at both the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Transcriptional regulation involves various transcription factors that bind to the promoter region of the CCL3L1 gene . Post-translational modifications, such as proteolytic cleavage, also play a role in the activity of LD78-beta .
Transcriptional Regulation and Post-Translational Modifications: The N-terminal processed forms of LD78-beta, such as LD78-beta (3-70) and LD78-beta (5-70), are produced by proteolytic cleavage after secretion from peripheral blood monocytes . This cleavage is likely achieved by the enzyme DPP4 .
Biomedical Research: LD78-beta is widely used in research to study immune responses and chemokine signaling pathways . Its potent activity in HIV suppression assays makes it a valuable tool for HIV research .
Diagnostic Tools and Therapeutic Strategies: CCL3L1 has potential applications in diagnostic tools for detecting immune responses and inflammation . Its ability to inhibit HIV-1 infection also makes it a promising candidate for therapeutic strategies aimed at preventing or treating HIV/AIDS .
Role Throughout the Life Cycle: LD78-beta plays a role in various stages of the life cycle, from development to aging and disease. During development, it is involved in the chemotaxis and activation of immune cells . In aging and disease, its expression levels can be altered, contributing to conditions such as glioblastoma and HIV/AIDS .
