Hormones
Product List
Histrelin
Histrelin
Lanreotide
Lanreotide
Leuprorelin Human
Leuprolide Human
Liraglutide
Liraglutide
Liraglutide peptide is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 31 amino acids, having a molecular mass of 3751 Dalton and a Molecular formula of C172H265N43O51.
Lypressin
Lypressin
The CAS Number is: 50-57-7.
NAF
Nafarelin Acetate
Nafarelin is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
OCT Human
Octreotide Human
Octreotide is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
PMSG
Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotropin
PMSG is a complex glycoprotein obtained from the serum of pregnant mares. This 43-63 kda protein is capable of supplementing and being substituted for the follicle stimulating and interstitial cell-stimulating hormone of the anterior pituitary gland in both the male and female. Thus PMSG-Intervet stimulates development of the ovarian follicle in the female.
Pramlintide
Pramlintide
Introduction
Peptide hormones are a class of hormones whose molecules are peptides, consisting of short chains of amino acids. They are synthesized in cells from amino acids according to mRNA transcripts, which are synthesized from DNA templates inside the cell nucleus . Peptide hormones can be classified into various types based on their structure and function, including insulin, glucagon, growth hormone, and oxytocin .
Peptide hormones exhibit several key biological properties:
- Expression Patterns: They are synthesized in various organs such as the pancreas, hypothalamus, and pituitary gland .
- Tissue Distribution: Peptide hormones are distributed throughout the body and can be found in insects, all vertebrates, and many other creatures .
- Key Biological Properties: They have a short half-life, meaning they break apart quickly, allowing organisms to use them to direct processes efficiently .
Peptide hormones play crucial roles in various biological functions:
- Primary Biological Functions: They regulate metabolism, growth, and reproduction . For example, insulin regulates blood glucose levels, while growth hormone stimulates growth and cell reproduction .
- Role in Immune Responses and Pathogen Recognition: Peptide hormones are involved in immune responses and pathogen recognition by interacting with immune cells and modulating their activity .
Peptide hormones interact with other molecules and cells through specific mechanisms:
- Binding Partners: They bind to specific receptors on the surface of target cells .
- Downstream Signaling Cascades: Upon binding to their receptors, peptide hormones trigger intracellular signaling pathways that lead to various cellular responses . For example, the binding of insulin to its receptor activates a signaling cascade that promotes glucose uptake by cells .
The expression and activity of peptide hormones are controlled by various regulatory mechanisms:
- Transcriptional Regulation: The synthesis of peptide hormones involves gene transcription into precursor nuclear RNA, followed by post-transcriptional modifications .
- Post-Translational Modifications: Peptide hormones undergo post-translational modifications, such as glycosylation, which are essential for their proper function . Additionally, the regulation of peptide hormones involves releasing factors and secretagogues, primarily through interactions between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland .
Peptide hormones have numerous applications in biomedical research, diagnostics, and therapeutics:
- Biomedical Research: They are used to study cellular communication and hormone regulation .
- Diagnostic Tools: Peptide hormones serve as biomarkers for various diseases, aiding in diagnosis .
- Therapeutic Strategies: Peptide hormones are utilized in treatments for conditions such as diabetes (insulin therapy) and growth deficiencies (growth hormone therapy) .
Peptide hormones play vital roles throughout the life cycle, from development to aging and disease:
- Development: They are essential for growth and development, regulating processes such as cell proliferation and differentiation .
- Aging and Disease: Peptide hormones continue to influence physiological processes in adulthood and are involved in the regulation of metabolism, stress responses, and immune function . Dysregulation of peptide hormones can lead to various diseases, including diabetes and growth disorders .
