Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) is a signal protein that stimulates the formation of blood vessels. It plays a crucial role in both physiological and pathological angiogenesis, which is the growth of new blood vessels from pre-existing ones. VEGF is a key player in processes such as embryonic development, wound healing, and the formation of new blood vessels in tumors.
VEGF belongs to the PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor)/VEGF family and is secreted by various cell types. The human VEGF gene is located on chromosome 6p21.1 and encodes a dimeric glycoprotein consisting of two antiparallel monomers. There are several isoforms of VEGF, with VEGF165 being one of the most studied due to its potent angiogenic properties .
VEGF mediates increased vascular permeability, induces vasculogenesis (the formation of new blood vessels during embryonic development), promotes endothelial cell proliferation and migration, and inhibits apoptosis (programmed cell death). These functions make VEGF a critical factor in both normal physiological processes and in diseases such as cancer, where it promotes tumor growth and metastasis by enhancing blood supply to the tumor .
Recombinant VEGF is produced using various expression systems, including bacterial (E. coli) and mammalian (HEK 293) cells. The recombinant form of VEGF, particularly VEGF165, is often fused with a His-tag (a sequence of histidine residues) at the N-terminus to facilitate purification using nickel affinity chromatography . This method allows for the production of high-purity VEGF, which is essential for research and therapeutic applications.
Recombinant VEGF is widely used in research to study angiogenesis and vascular biology. It is also employed in therapeutic applications, such as promoting wound healing and tissue regeneration. In cancer research, VEGF inhibitors are being developed as potential treatments to block the blood supply to tumors, thereby inhibiting their growth and spread .