DKK3 Human

Dickkopf-Related Protein 3 (DKK3) is a member of the Dickkopf family of proteins, which are known for their roles in modulating the Wnt signaling pathway. The human DKK3 gene is located on chromosome 11p15.3 and encodes a secreted protein that contains two cysteine-rich regions . This protein is involved in various biological processes, including embryonic development, immune modulation, and cancer .

DKK3 is a glycoprotein that plays a crucial role in the regulation of the Wnt signaling pathway, which is essential for cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration . The protein is known to interact with Wnt co-receptors, thereby inhibiting the Wnt signaling pathway. This inhibition is vital for maintaining tissue homeostasis and preventing uncontrolled cell growth .

DKK3 is expressed in a variety of tissues, including the endothelial cells, Brodmann area 23, middle temporal gyrus, lateral nuclear group of the thalamus, and external globus pallidus . It is also found in the epithelium of the lens, ciliary body, iris, neural layer of the retina, aortic valve, and other tissues . The expression of DKK3 is decreased in various cancer cell lines, suggesting its potential role as a tumor suppressor .

DKK3 has multiple biological functions, including:

• Embryonic Development: DKK3 is involved in cell proliferation, fate determination, differentiation, migration, and axis patterning during embryonic development .
• Immune Modulation: DKK3 has immunomodulatory functions, influencing the immune response and maintaining immune homeostasis .
• Cancer: DKK3 can act as either a tumor suppressor or an oncogene, depending on the context. It is a promising diagnostic and therapeutic target that can be modulated by epigenetic reactivation, gene therapy, and DKK3-blocking agents .

DKK3 primarily functions by inhibiting the Wnt signaling pathway. This inhibition is achieved through its interaction with Wnt co-receptors, preventing the activation of downstream signaling cascades . Additionally, DKK3 can influence other signaling pathways, such as the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) receptor signaling pathway .

The expression and activity of DKK3 are regulated by various factors, including epigenetic modifications and interactions with other signaling molecules . The protein’s role in cancer suggests that its regulation is crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis and preventing tumorigenesis .