IL 10 Human, His

Interleukin-10, also known as human cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor, is an anti-inflammatory cytokine. It is primarily produced by monocytes and, to a lesser extent, by lymphocytes. Interleukin-10 plays a crucial role in immunoregulation and inflammation by down-regulating the expression of Th1 cytokines, major histocompatibility complex class II antigens, and costimulatory molecules on macrophages .

Human recombinant interleukin-10 is typically produced using an expression system in Escherichia coli. The protein is often tagged with a histidine tag at the C-terminus to facilitate purification. The recombinant protein is then lyophilized from a filtered solution of phosphate-buffered saline at pH 8.0. The final product is highly pure, with a purity greater than 98% as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis .

Interleukin-10 signals through a receptor complex consisting of two interleukin-10 receptor-1 and two interleukin-10 receptor-2 proteins. The binding of interleukin-10 to its receptor induces signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling via the phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic tails of interleukin-10 receptor 1 and interleukin-10 receptor 2 by Janus kinase 1 and tyrosine kinase 2, respectively . This signaling pathway is essential for the anti-inflammatory effects of interleukin-10, as it inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and limits the immune response .

Interleukin-10 is a key immunoregulator during infection due to its inhibitory effect on inflammatory cytokine production. It helps suppress excessive type 1 helper T cell and CD8+ T cell responses during infection, thereby preventing tissue damage and maintaining immune homeostasis .