GDF15 Human

Growth and Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF-15), also known as Macrophage Inhibitory Cytokine-1 (MIC-1), is a member of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) superfamily. This protein is encoded by the GDF15 gene in humans and is involved in various biological processes, including inflammation, apoptosis, and cell growth .

GDF-15 is a distant member of the TGF-β superfamily and is typically expressed at low levels in most tissues under normal conditions. However, its expression can be significantly upregulated in response to tissue injury or stress, particularly in organs such as the liver, kidney, heart, and lung . The recombinant form of GDF-15 is produced in E. coli and consists of a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 151 amino acids .

The primary functions of GDF-15 are not entirely understood, but it is known to play a role in regulating inflammatory pathways, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and cell repair . GDF-15 has been shown to prevent apoptosis in cerebellar granule neurons by activating Akt and inhibiting endogenously active ERK . Additionally, it has been implicated in the regulation of food intake and body weight, particularly in response to dietary excess .

GDF-15 has gained attention as a potential biomarker for various diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, obesity, and metabolic disorders . Elevated levels of GDF-15 in the blood are often associated with pathological conditions such as inflammation, myocardial ischemia, and cancer . Its role as an immune checkpoint and its potential as a target for cancer immunotherapy are currently being explored .