CTSS Human
Description
Product Specs
Product Science Overview
Cathepsin-S is produced as an inactive zymogen and undergoes proteolytic processing to become active. The mature enzyme has a broad pH range of activity, remaining catalytically active under neutral pH conditions, which is unusual for lysosomal proteases . This stability allows Cathepsin-S to function both inside and outside the lysosome .
Cathepsin-S plays a crucial role in various biological processes:
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Antigen Presentation: It is involved in the degradation of antigenic proteins into peptides for presentation to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules . This function is essential for the immune response, particularly in antigen-presenting cells such as macrophages, B-lymphocytes, dendritic cells, and microglia .
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Elastase Activity: Cathepsin-S functions as an elastase, breaking down elastin and other extracellular matrix proteins. This activity is significant in tissues such as the lungs, where it contributes to tissue remodeling and repair .
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Inflammation Regulation: By processing cytokines and host defense proteins, Cathepsin-S plays a role in regulating inflammation. It is secreted by immune cells in response to inflammatory mediators, including lipopolysaccharides and proinflammatory cytokines .
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Nociception: Cathepsin-S has been implicated in pain and itch sensation through its role as a signaling molecule. It activates protease-activated receptors 2 and 4, which are members of the G-protein coupled receptor family .
Dysregulated expression and activity of Cathepsin-S are linked to the pathogenesis of multiple diseases, including:
- Pulmonary Diseases: Cathepsin-S is associated with conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cystic fibrosis (CF), and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Its elastase activity and role in inflammation contribute to the progression of these diseases .
- Cancer: Elevated levels of Cathepsin-S have been observed in various cancers, where it may promote tumor invasion and metastasis by degrading extracellular matrix components .
- Cardiovascular Diseases: Cathepsin-S is involved in atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular conditions through its effects on inflammation and tissue remodeling .
- Diabetes: Altered Cathepsin-S activity has been linked to diabetic complications, particularly in the context of inflammation and tissue damage .
Given its involvement in various diseases, Cathepsin-S is considered a potential therapeutic target. Inhibitors of Cathepsin-S are being explored for their ability to modulate its activity and provide therapeutic benefits in conditions such as pulmonary diseases, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases .
In conclusion, Cathepsin-S (Human Recombinant) is a versatile enzyme with significant roles in immune response, tissue remodeling, and inflammation regulation. Its dysregulation is implicated in numerous diseases, making it a promising target for therapeutic intervention.
