CALM Bovine

Calmodulin is a highly conserved, calcium-binding protein found in all eukaryotic cells. It plays a crucial role in various cellular processes by acting as an intracellular calcium receptor. Calmodulin from bovine sources, particularly from bovine brain, is often used in research due to its high purity and availability .

Calmodulin is a small, primarily helical protein with a molecular weight of approximately 19,000 Daltons . It consists of two globular domains connected by a flexible central helix. Each domain contains two EF-hand motifs, which are helix-loop-helix structures capable of binding calcium ions. In total, calmodulin can bind four calcium ions in a cooperative manner .

Upon binding calcium, calmodulin undergoes a conformational change that allows it to interact with various target proteins. This interaction modulates the activity of enzymes, ion channels, and other proteins involved in processes such as metabolism, secretion, motility, and calcium transport .

Calmodulin is involved in the regulation of numerous cellular activities. It plays a key role in maintaining intracellular calcium homeostasis and regulating the concentration of other second messengers, such as cyclic AMP and inositol trisphosphate . The calcium-calmodulin complex is essential for the activation of various kinases and phosphatases, which in turn regulate cellular responses to external stimuli .

Calmodulin from bovine sources is widely used in biochemical and physiological studies. It has been employed to study interactions with melatonin and to activate calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) in vitro . Additionally, it is used in phosphorylation assays and studies involving endoprotease proteolysis and deamidation .