AFP Protein

The discovery of AFP dates back to 1956 when it was first identified in human fetuses by C. Bergstrand and B. Czar. However, it wasn’t until 1963 that G. Abelev and Yu. Tatarinov discovered the phenomenon of AFP biosynthesis in carcinogenesis, marking a significant milestone in cancer research . This discovery led to intensive studies of AFP, particularly its role as a tumor-specific biomarker.

AFP is a glycoprotein composed of 591 amino acids and a carbohydrate moiety . It is produced by both the liver and the yolk sac during fetal development. In adults, AFP expression is often associated with certain types of cancer, such as hepatocellular carcinoma and teratoma . Despite extensive research, the exact biological role of AFP in adults remains unclear. In rodents, AFP binds estradiol to prevent the transport of this hormone across the placenta to the fetus .

Recombinant human AFP is produced using genetic engineering techniques, allowing for the study and utilization of this protein in various research and clinical applications. Recombinant AFP is used in diagnostic assays, particularly for monitoring liver cancer and other malignancies . It is also being explored for its potential therapeutic applications, including drug delivery and immunotherapy.

AFP is widely used as a biomarker in prenatal screening for neural tube defects, Down syndrome, and other chromosomal abnormalities . Elevated levels of AFP in adults can indicate liver diseases, such as hepatocellular carcinoma, making it a valuable tool in cancer diagnostics and monitoring .

Recent advancements in technology, particularly in genetic engineering and computer-based approaches, have reignited interest in AFP research. These advancements have led to a better understanding of AFP’s structure, receptor binding mechanisms, and its role in embryogenesis and carcinogenesis .