VTCN1 Human

V-Set Domain Containing T Cell Activation Inhibitor 1 (VTCN1), also known as B7-H4, B7S1, and B7x, is a protein that plays a crucial role in the regulation of the immune system. It is a member of the B7 family of immune regulatory proteins, which are known for their roles in T cell activation and inhibition .

The VTCN1 gene is located on chromosome 1 and encodes a protein that is highly glycosylated and belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily . The protein contains a V-set domain, which is characteristic of proteins involved in immune responses. VTCN1 is expressed on the surface of antigen-presenting cells and interacts with receptors on T cells to modulate their activity .

VTCN1 negatively regulates T-cell-mediated immune responses by inhibiting T cell activation, proliferation, cytokine production, and the development of cytotoxicity . This inhibitory function is crucial for maintaining immune homeostasis and preventing excessive immune responses that could lead to tissue damage. VTCN1 is also involved in promoting epithelial cell transformation and has been implicated in the suppression of tumor-associated antigen-specific T cell immunity .

High levels of VTCN1 expression have been correlated with tumor progression in various cancers, including renal cell carcinoma and pancreatic cancer . The protein’s ability to inhibit T cell activation makes it a potential target for cancer immunotherapy. Researchers are exploring ways to block VTCN1 activity to enhance anti-tumor immune responses .

Several pharmaceutical companies are developing therapeutic agents targeting VTCN1. For example, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) and monoclonal antibodies that target VTCN1 are being investigated for their potential to treat various cancers . These therapeutic agents aim to block the inhibitory signals mediated by VTCN1, thereby enhancing the body’s immune response against tumors .