TSG Human

TWSG1 is classified as a BMP-binding protein and is structurally related to BMP antagonists such as Chordin and Noggin . It is encoded by the TWSG1 gene located on human chromosome 18p11.22 .

The human recombinant form of TWSG1 is typically expressed in E. coli and purified to a high degree of purity (≥95%) using techniques such as SDS-PAGE and HPLC . The protein has a molecular weight of approximately 22.2 kDa and is known for its ability to bind BMPs and modulate their activity .

TWSG1 is expressed in various tissues during different stages of development. It is abundantly expressed in human and mouse ovaries, sustaining follicular growth in rodent ovaries . Additionally, TWSG1 is involved in thymocyte development and is expressed by thymocytes during T cell differentiation in the thymus .

TWSG1 has diverse functions ranging from embryogenesis to cancer progression . It can act as both an antagonist and agonist of BMP signaling. As an antagonist, TWSG1 binds directly to BMP proteins, inhibiting their activity. As an agonist, it interacts with Chordin, a BMP antagonist, to enhance BMP signaling . TWSG1 knockout mice exhibit neural, craniofacial, and mammary defects, highlighting its importance in development .

TWSG1 modulates BMP signaling by forming ternary complexes with BMPs and Chordin, preventing BMPs from binding to their receptors . This regulatory mechanism is crucial for maintaining the balance of BMP signaling during embryogenesis and tissue homeostasis .

The regulation of BMP signaling by TWSG1 involves complex interactions with BMP ligands and antagonists. TWSG1 binds to BMPs and their antagonist Chordin to control BMP signaling during embryonic development, kidney regeneration, and cancer . The crystal structures of TWSG1 in complex with BMP ligands have provided insights into its regulatory mechanisms .