MSMB is a rapidly evolving protein, which can be attributed to either sexual selection or innate pathogen defense . The wide distribution of MSMB in the body and its fungicidal properties suggest that innate pathogen defense plays a significant role in its evolution . The C-terminus domain of MSMB contains two two-stranded β-sheets, which have no resemblance to other structural motifs .
MSMB is secreted by epithelial cells in various organs, including the liver, lung, breast, kidney, colon, stomach, pancreas, esophagus, duodenum, salivary glands, fallopian tube, corpus uteri, bulbourethral glands, and cervix . This widespread expression corresponds closely to the sites from which all late-onset cancers develop .
In the prostate, MSMB is thought to play a role as an autocrine/paracrine factor in regulating prostate function and growth . The expression of MSMB is found to be decreased in prostate cancer, suggesting its potential role as a tumor suppressor .
Due to its significant role in prostate biology and its altered expression in prostate cancer, MSMB has been studied as a potential biomarker for prostate cancer diagnosis and prognosis . Additionally, recombinant MSMB has been explored for its therapeutic potential in treating prostate cancer and other conditions related to its biological functions.