Parainfluenza Type-2
Description
Product Specs
Product Science Overview
Human Parainfluenza Viruses (HPIVs) are a group of viruses that belong to the Paramyxoviridae family. These enveloped RNA viruses are significant pathogens, particularly in infants, young children, and individuals with weakened immune systems . Among the four types of HPIVs (HPIV-1, HPIV-2, HPIV-3, and HPIV-4), HPIV-2 is known for its role in causing respiratory illnesses, especially croup.
HPIV-2, like other HPIVs, is an enveloped virus with a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA genome. The virus is characterized by its surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) and fusion (F) proteins, which play crucial roles in viral attachment, entry, and cell fusion . These proteins are also key targets for the host immune response.
HPIV-2 infections typically peak every other year, often in the fall, during the years when HPIV-1 activity is low . The virus is less frequently detected compared to HPIV-1 and HPIV-3. However, it remains a significant cause of respiratory illness in young children and can lead to outbreaks in settings such as daycare centers and pediatric wards .
HPIV-2 is most commonly associated with croup, a condition characterized by inflammation of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi, leading to a distinctive barking cough and stridor . In addition to croup, HPIV-2 can cause upper and lower respiratory tract infections, presenting with symptoms such as fever, runny nose, cough, and sore throat. In severe cases, it can lead to bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia .
HPIV-2 is primarily transmitted through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. The virus can also spread through direct contact with contaminated surfaces or objects. After entering the respiratory tract, HPIV-2 infects epithelial cells, leading to cell damage and inflammation . The incubation period for HPIV-2 is generally 2 to 6 days .
Diagnosis of HPIV-2 infection is typically based on clinical presentation and can be confirmed through laboratory tests such as real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or viral culture . There is no specific antiviral treatment for HPIV-2 infections; management primarily involves supportive care to alleviate symptoms. This may include hydration, fever management, and in severe cases, hospitalization for respiratory support .
Preventive measures for HPIV-2 include good respiratory hygiene practices, such as frequent handwashing, avoiding close contact with infected individuals, and disinfecting commonly touched surfaces . Currently, there is no vaccine available for HPIV-2, making these preventive strategies crucial in controlling the spread of the virus.
