HIV Type-O Envelope

HIV Type-O Envelope
Cat. No.
BT19663
Source
Synonyms
Appearance
Sterile filtered colorless clear solution.
Purity
Greater than 95.0% as determined by HPLC analysis and SDS-PAGE.
Usage
THE BioTek's products are furnished for LABORATORY RESEARCH USE ONLY. The product may not be used as drugs, agricultural or pesticidal products, food additives or household chemicals.
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Description

HIV type-O Envelope is a chemically synthesized peptidehaving a Mw of 2.6kda containing the HIV type-O transmembrane envelope-derived MVP5180 and consensus sequence. Detects all clades of HIV-type O infected individuals responding to HIV-type O envelope proteins. Detects HIV-type O infected individuals responding to HIV envelope antibodies.

Product Specs

Introduction
The human immunodeficiency virus, also known as HIV, is a type of retrovirus known to weaken the immune system, increasing the risk of opportunistic infections. This virus primarily targets essential immune cells, including helper T cells (specifically CD4+ T cells), macrophages, and dendritic cells. HIV infection leads to a decline in CD4+ T cell counts through various mechanisms. Firstly, the virus directly destroys infected cells. Secondly, it accelerates the process of apoptosis (programmed cell death) in infected cells. Lastly, HIV triggers the destruction of infected CD4+ T cells by CD8 cytotoxic lymphocytes that recognize the infected cells. When the CD4+ T cell count drops below a certain threshold, cell-mediated immunity is compromised, making the body vulnerable to opportunistic infections. HIV is classified under the genus Lentivirus, belonging to the Retroviridae family. Lentiviruses share common morphological and biological characteristics and are known to infect various species, typically causing prolonged illnesses with extended incubation periods. These viruses are transmitted as single-stranded, positive-sense, enveloped RNA viruses. Upon entering the target cell, the viral RNA genome is reverse transcribed into double-stranded DNA by a virally encoded reverse transcriptase present within the virus particle. This viral DNA is then integrated into the host cell's DNA using a virally encoded integrase, enabling the transcription of the viral genome. Once the cell is infected, two scenarios are possible: the virus either enters a latent state, allowing the infected cell to function normally, or it becomes active and replicates, releasing a large number of viral particles that can infect other cells.
Description
HIV type-O Envelope, a chemically synthesized peptide with a molecular weight of 2.6 kDa, encompasses the HIV type-O transmembrane envelope-derived MVP5180 and consensus sequence. It serves as a valuable tool for detecting individuals infected with all clades of HIV-type O who exhibit immune responses to HIV-type O envelope proteins. Furthermore, it aids in identifying individuals infected with HIV-type O who produce antibodies against the HIV envelope.
Physical Appearance
It appears as a clear and colorless solution that has been sterilized through filtration.
Formulation
The product is provided as a solution with a concentration of 1 mg/ml in water.
Purity
The purity of the product exceeds 95.0%, as determined by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis and SDS-PAGE.
Stability
While HIV type-O remains stable at a temperature of 20°C for a duration of one week, it is recommended to store the product between 2-8°C to ensure optimal stability. It is important to avoid freezing the product.
Specificity
Immunoreactive with all sera of HIV type-O infected individuals.

Product Science Overview

Introduction

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that causes Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). HIV is categorized into two main types: HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is further divided into several groups, including the major group (M), the outlier group (O), and groups N and P. The HIV Type-O Envelope is a crucial component of the HIV-1 virus, specifically belonging to the outlier group (O).

Structure and Function

The HIV envelope protein, commonly referred to as Env, is essential for the virus’s ability to infect host cells. Env is a glycoprotein that mediates the fusion of the virus with the cell membrane, allowing the viral RNA to enter the host cell. The Env protein is composed of two subunits:

  • gp120: The surface subunit responsible for binding to the CD4 receptor on host cells.
  • gp41: The transmembrane subunit that facilitates the fusion of the viral and host cell membranes.
Genetic Variability

HIV-1 is known for its high genetic variability, particularly in the envelope (env) gene. This variability is a significant challenge for vaccine development and treatment. The outlier group (O) is distinct from the major group (M) and exhibits unique genetic sequences in the env gene. This genetic diversity allows the virus to evade the host immune system and develop resistance to antiretroviral drugs .

Epidemiology

HIV-1 group O is relatively rare compared to group M. It is primarily found in West and Central Africa. The prevalence of HIV-1 group O is much lower than that of group M, but it poses unique challenges for diagnosis and treatment due to its genetic differences .

Diagnostic and Therapeutic Implications

The genetic variability of the HIV Type-O Envelope necessitates specialized diagnostic tools. Standard HIV tests may not always detect group O infections, leading to potential misdiagnosis. Recombinant HIV Type-O Envelope proteins are used in diagnostic assays to improve the detection of group O infections .

In terms of treatment, the genetic differences in the env gene of group O strains can affect the efficacy of antiretroviral drugs. Research is ongoing to develop therapies that are effective against these unique strains .

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