Histone Bovine
Bovine tissues.
Description
Histone Bovine is purified from bovine tissues by proprietary protein-chemical techniques.
Product Specs
Histones are highly alkaline proteins found in the nuclei of eukaryotic cells that package and order DNA into structural units called nucleosomes. There are five main families of histones: H1/H5, H2A, H2B, H3, and H4. H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 are known as core histones, while H1/H5 are referred to as linker histones. The dynamics of chromatin structure are influenced by post-translational modifications of histones and the presence of histone variants. Histones H3 and H4 undergo covalent modification at numerous residues. These modifications, along with those of H2A/H2B, contribute to what is known as the histone code.
Bovine Histone is extracted and purified from bovine tissues using proprietary protein-chemical methods.
Bovine Histone is supplied in a buffer solution of 20mM HEPES (pH 7.6), 250mM NaCl, and 20% glycerol.
The recommended coating concentration ranges from 0.2 to 0.5 µg/ml, depending on the specific type of ELISA plate and coating buffer used. It is suitable for labeling functional groups.
1. Binds to human IgG type autoantibodies.
2. Useful for checkerboard and immunodot analysis for identifying positive and negative samples.
Bovine tissues.
Product Science Overview
Histones are characterized by their high content of lysine and arginine, which contribute to their positive charge. This positive charge allows them to interact with the negatively charged DNA. There are five main types of histones: H1, H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 . These histones form the core around which DNA winds, creating a nucleosome. Each nucleosome consists of a histone octamer, which includes two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3, and H4, and about 147 base pairs of DNA. The H1 histone, also known as the linker histone, binds to the DNA between nucleosomes, helping to compact the chromatin structure further.
In bovine species, histone variants play significant roles during different stages of development. For instance, the linker histone variant H1FOO is crucial for bovine preimplantation development. It regulates lineage specification and chromatin structure . H1FOO is expressed in oocytes, preimplantation embryos, granulosa cells, and spermatids in cattle. Its depletion leads to developmental arrest, indicating its essential role in early embryonic development.
Histone modifications are critical for regulating gene expression. One such modification is the trimethylation of lysine 4 on histone 3 (H3K4me3), which is associated with gene activation. In bovine oocytes and early embryos, H3K4me3 exhibits a dynamic landscape, with its levels decreasing sharply during embryonic genome activation . This modification is essential for the proper reprogramming of the genome during early development.
Another important modification is histone lysine β-hydroxybutyrylation (Kbhb), which is associated with genes upregulated in starvation-responsive metabolic pathways. This modification has been observed in dairy cows during early lactation, highlighting its role in metabolic regulation .
Understanding bovine histones and their modifications has significant implications for both basic and applied sciences. In agriculture, insights into histone function and regulation can lead to improved breeding strategies and better management of livestock. In biomedical research, bovine histones serve as a model to study chromatin dynamics and gene regulation, providing insights that can be translated to other species, including humans.
