GroES Human

GroES, also known as Heat Shock Protein 10 (HSP10), is a molecular chaperone that plays a crucial role in protein folding under both normal and stress conditions. It is a co-chaperonin that works in conjunction with GroEL (HSP60) to ensure proper protein folding, preventing misfolding and aggregation that can lead to cellular dysfunction .

GroES is composed of a single heptameric ring of 10 kDa subunits that binds to the ends of the GroEL cylinder. The interaction between GroES and GroEL is ATP-dependent. When ATP binds to GroEL, it induces a conformational change that allows GroES to bind, forming a complex that encloses the substrate protein within the GroEL cavity. This encapsulation provides an isolated environment for the substrate protein to fold correctly .

The GroES-GroEL complex operates through a cycle of binding and release driven by ATP hydrolysis. Initially, GroES binds to GroEL in the presence of ATP, causing a conformational change in GroEL that encloses the substrate protein. ATP hydrolysis then destabilizes the GroES-GroEL complex, leading to the release of GroES and the properly folded substrate protein .

Recombinant human GroES is typically produced in Escherichia coli (E. coli) using recombinant DNA technology. The GroES gene is amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and cloned into an expression vector. This vector is then introduced into E. coli cells, which express the GroES protein. The protein is subsequently purified using conventional chromatographic techniques to achieve high purity levels .

Recombinant GroES is used extensively in research to study protein folding mechanisms and chaperone functions. It is also employed in various biotechnological applications where proper protein folding is critical. Additionally, understanding the function and mechanism of GroES can provide insights into diseases caused by protein misfolding and aggregation .

Recombinant GroES should be stored at 4°C if it will be used within 2-4 weeks. For longer storage periods, it should be kept at or below -20°C. To ensure stability, it is recommended to add a carrier protein such as human serum albumin (HSA) or bovine serum albumin (BSA) for long-term storage .