GNAQ Human

Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, commonly known as G proteins, play a crucial role in various cellular processes. These proteins act as molecular switches inside cells, and they are involved in transmitting signals from a variety of stimuli outside a cell to its interior. The human recombinant form of these proteins is particularly significant in research and therapeutic applications.

G proteins are heterotrimeric, meaning they are composed of three different subunits: alpha (α), beta (β), and gamma (γ). The alpha subunit binds to guanine nucleotides (GDP and GTP) and has intrinsic GTPase activity, which is essential for the protein’s function as a molecular switch. The beta and gamma subunits are tightly associated and function as a single unit.

The primary role of G proteins is to relay signals from G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) on the cell surface to various intracellular effectors. Upon activation by a GPCR, the G protein undergoes a conformational change, leading to the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit. This exchange triggers the dissociation of the alpha subunit from the beta-gamma complex, allowing both to interact with different target proteins within the cell .

G proteins are involved in numerous physiological processes, including sensory perception, immune responses, and regulation of mood and behavior. They play a pivotal role in the activation of adenylyl cyclases, which in turn increase the levels of cyclic AMP (cAMP), a critical secondary messenger in cellular signaling . Additionally, G proteins are essential for platelet activation, B-cell selection, and survival, and they help prevent B-cell-dependent autoimmunity .

Recombinant G proteins are produced using genetic engineering techniques, where the gene encoding the protein is inserted into an expression system, such as bacteria or yeast, to produce the protein in large quantities. These recombinant proteins are invaluable in research as they allow scientists to study the protein’s structure, function, and interactions in a controlled environment. They are also used in drug discovery and development, as well as in the production of therapeutic agents .

The study of recombinant G proteins has led to significant advancements in our understanding of cellular signaling pathways. These proteins are used in various assays to screen for potential drug candidates that can modulate GPCR activity. Additionally, recombinant G proteins are employed in structural biology to determine the three-dimensional structures of protein complexes, providing insights into their function and mechanism of action .

In medicine, recombinant G proteins are used to develop therapies for diseases caused by dysfunctional GPCR signaling. For example, certain cancers, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological disorders are associated with aberrant G protein signaling. By targeting these pathways, researchers aim to develop more effective treatments with fewer side effects .