Borrelia miyamotoi is a tick-borne spirochete that belongs to the relapsing fever group of Borrelia species. It was first discovered in 1994 in Japan within the midguts of Ixodes persulcatus ticks . Unlike other relapsing fever Borrelia, which are typically transmitted by soft ticks, B. miyamotoi is transmitted by hard-bodied ticks, the same species that transmit Lyme disease . This pathogen has been identified as a human pathogen causing hard tick-borne relapsing fever (HTBRF) across the Northern Hemisphere .
The GlpQ protein is a glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase that plays a crucial role in the metabolism of glycerophosphodiesters. In Borrelia species, GlpQ is an important antigen used for serodiagnosis. The GlpQ protein of B. miyamotoi is particularly significant because it is used in serological assays to detect infections . However, current serodiagnostic tests based on GlpQ have limitations in sensitivity, especially during the acute phase of the infection .