B3GNT2 is involved in the glycosylation process, which is a common post-translational modification of proteins. Glycosylation involves the addition of sugar molecules to proteins, which can significantly alter their function and stability. B3GNT2 specifically catalyzes the transfer of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) to galactose residues, forming polylactosamine structures .
Polylactosamines are carbohydrate structures that are carried on N- and O-glycans as well as glycolipids. These structures are synthesized through the coordinated action of beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase (β4GalT) and beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (β3GnT). B3GNT2 exhibits intense activity toward oligosaccharide substrates possessing polylactosamine structures, suggesting that it is the principal polylactosamine synthase currently known .
The glycosylation of proteins is essential for various biological functions. It is involved in protein folding, stability, and cell-cell interactions. B3GNT2, through its role in synthesizing polylactosamine chains, contributes to these processes. Polylactosamine structures are present on glycoproteins and glycolipids, which are involved in numerous cellular functions, including cell signaling and immune responses .
Alterations in glycosylation patterns, including those mediated by B3GNT2, have been implicated in various diseases. For example, changes in glycosylation can affect tumor progression, immune responses, and the development of autoimmune diseases . Understanding the role of B3GNT2 in these processes can provide insights into disease mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets.
Recombinant B3GNT2 is produced using recombinant DNA technology, which involves inserting the gene encoding B3GNT2 into a suitable expression system, such as bacteria or mammalian cells. This allows for the production of large quantities of the enzyme for research and therapeutic purposes. Recombinant B3GNT2 retains the same enzymatic activity as the naturally occurring enzyme and is used in various biochemical and clinical studies .