AARS Human

Alanyl-tRNA synthetase (AARS) is a member of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (aaRS) family, which plays a crucial role in protein synthesis. These enzymes are responsible for attaching amino acids to their corresponding transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules, a process essential for translating genetic information into proteins. The human recombinant form of alanyl-tRNA synthetase is produced using recombinant DNA technology, allowing for its use in various research and therapeutic applications.

Alanyl-tRNA synthetase is a highly conserved enzyme found in all domains of life, including eukaryotes, archaea, and bacteria . The enzyme catalyzes the esterification of alanine to its corresponding tRNA, a critical step in the translation of the genetic code. This process ensures that the correct amino acid is incorporated into the growing polypeptide chain during protein synthesis.

The enzyme’s structure includes an active site that binds both the amino acid (alanine) and the tRNA molecule. The binding and catalytic activities of alanyl-tRNA synthetase are highly specific, ensuring the fidelity of protein synthesis. The enzyme also requires ATP to activate the amino acid before it is transferred to the tRNA .

Beyond its primary role in protein synthesis, alanyl-tRNA synthetase has been found to have several non-canonical functions. Recent research has shown that AARS1, the gene encoding alanyl-tRNA synthetase, can act as a lactyltransferase. This activity involves the transfer of lactate to proteins, a process that has implications in cellular metabolism and signaling pathways . For example, AARS1 has been implicated in promoting YAP signaling in gastric cancer, highlighting its potential role in tumorigenesis .

Mutations in the AARS1 gene have been associated with various human diseases. These include genetic disorders that affect the structure and function of the enzyme, leading to impaired protein synthesis and cellular dysfunction . Additionally, alanyl-tRNA synthetase has been linked to autoimmune conditions such as anti-synthetase syndrome (ASSD), where autoantibodies target the enzyme, causing inflammatory myopathy .

The recombinant form of alanyl-tRNA synthetase is produced using genetic engineering techniques, allowing for its use in research and therapeutic applications. This recombinant enzyme is used to study the fundamental processes of protein synthesis and to investigate the non-canonical functions of alanyl-tRNA synthetase. Additionally, it has potential therapeutic applications in treating diseases associated with AARS1 mutations and autoimmune conditions.